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The general safety measures taken during civil engineering construction.

The following safety measures are taken during civil engineering construction. (i) Suitable scaffolds should be provided for workmen. (ii) When ladder are used, it should be provided with foot holds and hand holds and inclination of one is to four (1 horizontal : 4 vertical) be provided. (iii) The scaffolding should be properly supported and shall have a guard rail property attached to it. (iv) Every opening in floor of a building should be provided with suitable means to prevent the fall of persons or materials. (v) Fencing and lights shall be provided to protect the public from accident. (vi) The excavated material shall not be placed within 1.5m of the edge of the trench or half the depth whichever is more to avoid collapse of sides due to surcharge. (vii) No undermining or undercutting shall be allowed. (viii) All roads and open areas adjacent to any side where demolition is to be carried out, must be closed or suitably protected. (ix) No electrical cable etc. shall remain electric...
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Derive the formulae you use from the first principles.

  Question : A producer distributes 800 packing boxes per month, which he purchased at a cost of Rs. 10 each. The manager has assigned an annual carrying charge of 25 percent of the purchase price per box. Ordering costs are Rs. 28. Currently the manager orders once a month. How much could the firm save annually in ordering and carrying costs using EOQ? Derive the formulae you use from the first principles.   (Summer 2005) Solution : Economic ordering quantity (E.O.Q.) is obtained by the quantity whose procurement cost is equal to inventory carrying cost. Let, A = Total items consumed (used) per year P = Procurement cost per year C = Annual inventory carrying cost per item of component Q = Economic ordering quantity Then, Procurement cost / year = (Number of orders placed in a year) x (cost per year)     = (AxP)/Q                                    ... (i) and inventory car...
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Independent and Dependent demand with respect to inventories.

 Question : Contrast independent and dependent demand with respect to inventories. (Summer 2005)  Inventory control models assume that demand for an item is either independent of or dependent on the demand for other items. For example, the demand for refrigerators is independent of the demand for toaster ovens. However, the demand for toaster oven components is dependent on requirements of toaster ovens.  In inventory control independent demand depends upon the various cost factors and mostly ordered to the manufacturing companies.  While the dependent demand manager is required to know about the following:  1. Master production schedule 2. Bill of material 3. Inventory availability 4. Lead Times
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Important Techniques of Work Study.

 Question : Explain in brief two important techniques of Work Study. (Summer 2005)  Scientific work study involves the measurement and improvement of work. Scientific work study includes: (i) Method Study : This study involves the critical examination of plan layout, product design, material handling and work processes, to minimize time, distance and cost involved in the transportation and storage of materials. (ii) Motion Study : It refers to the study of the movement of an operator or a machine involved in a task with a view to eliminate un-worked or useless motions. Motion study helps to find the best method of doing work. Gilbreth identified 17 basic motions involved in every human operation. These are Search, select, grasp, transport empty, transport loaded, hold, release load, position, proposition, inspect, assembly, disassemble, use, unavoidable delay, avoidable delay, plan and rest for overcoming fatigue. Symbolically SH, ST, G, TE, TL, H, RL, P, PP, I, A, DA, U, U...
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Responsibilities of a Training Director.

 Question : Put yourself in the position of a training director., who must justify his work to top management. How would you go about projecting that you are asset to the firm? (Summer 2005) Executive talent is the most important asset which a company can possess. This talent depends upon the training process or training director of the organisation. If I am the training director of an organization. I will like to adopt methods used for executive development programs. As some of these methods are meant for newly recruited executives, and their aim is to generate in trainers a deeper understanding of managerial functions. Some other aim at increasing the problem solving skills of the managers. Still others aim at a changing their attitudes. These methods are: 1. Observation Assignment : Under this method new recruited executive called 'understudy' is made an assistant. 2. Position Rotation : Under this method, the trainee executive is rotated among different managerial jobs. T...
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Factors influencing plant layout development.

 Question : Outline and explain the factors to be considered for plant layout development. (Summer 2005) Factors influencing plant layout development : The need to secure advantageous location of a plant depends on the following important factors: 1. Selection of site 2. Availability of labour 3. Infrastructural facilities 4. Climatic conditions 5. Proximity of Market 6. State legislation and Government Incentives 7. Availability of power, fuel and water 8. Scope of future expansion 9. Local by-laws 10. Cost of Land
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Relation between Plant Location and Plant Layout decisions.

 Question : How are plant location and plant layout decisions related. (Summer 2005) If we go through the objectives related to plant layout and plant location we find similarities. Both have following similar objectives: 1. Increased output/ turnover 2. Greater utilisation of man/ machinery 3. Easier adjustment to changing conditions 4. Satisfaction and safety of workers 5. Creating healthy & productive environment 6. Customer's satisfaction
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Importance of Plant Location

 Question : Discuss the importance of Plant Location. (Summer 2005) Location of an organisation is an important management decision viewed as two step decision. 1. The choice of the region 2. Choice of site As these two decisions are likely to affect whole working of the organisation, they require special attention. Many considerations are looked upon making a final decision for site and region. A good site can boost sales and working of the organisation while a bad site at unhealthy region may deteriorate the organisation.  No location can be considered to be unique and can remain competitive indefinitely. Location studies are require continuous monitoring.
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Management Principles

 Question: What principles would you use as guides? (Summer 2005) Brech says, "If there is to be systematic approach to the formulation of organisation structure there ought to be a body of accepted principles, i.e., to say, a set of agreed basic factors which will determine the effectiveness of an organisation structure when at work in practice and the absence of which will, generally speaking, lead to deficiencies in the working department."  According to Urwick these principles may be set forth as follows: 1. The principle of objectives : All organisations and each part of any undertaking should be the expression of a purpose, either explicit or implied.  2. The principle of correspondence : Formal authority and responsibility must be co-terminal and co-equal.  3. The Scalar principle : There must be a clear line of formal authority running from the top to the bottom of every organisation.  4. The principle of responsibility : the responsibility of highe...
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Re-organisation of an Enterprise.

 Question: How would you undertake the re-organisation of an Enterprise? (Summer 2005) Re-organisation is hot corrective action. It revises routes, loads and schedules of an enterprise. In manufacturing unit this is often required as per changes in market conditions, manufacturing methods, or any other factors affecting the plant will often indicate that a new manufacturing plan is needed. In advance, the route of work through the plant, determines the amount of productive capacity required to do the work, and based on the availability of this capacity schedules all phases of the work so that the plant will be effectively utilized.  
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Mechanics Of An Organisation

 Question: What are the mechanics of an organisation? How are these effective to achieve the objectives of an organisation? (Summer 2005) "Organisation is more than a chart, it is the mechanism through which thw management direct, coordinates and controls the business. It is indeed the foundation of management. If the organisation plan is ill-designed, if it merely makes a shift arrangement, then management is rendered difficult and ineffective. If on the other hand, it is logical, clear - cut and streamlined to meet present day requirements then the first requisite of sound management has bee achieved." "Organisation refers to more than the frame of the edifice. It refers to the complete body, with all its co-related functions. It refers to these functions as they appear in action - the very pulse and heartbeat, the circulation, the respiration, the vital movements, so to speak of the organised unit. It refers to the coordination of all these factors as they cooperate ...
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Methods of Management Control

  Question: What are the methods of Management Control? Explain each of them in brief. (Summer 2005) Management controlling is defined as the process of determining what is to be accomplished that is the standard, what is being accomplished that is the performance and if necessary applying corrective measures so that performance take place according to plans, that is in conformity with standards. Controlling process involve following steps: 1. Establishment of Standards 2. Measurement of Performance 3. Appraisal of Performance 4. Deviations if any, what are causes. Techniques of control are : (a) Real Time Control (b) Feed Forward Control (c) PERT (Programme Evaluation & Review Technique)
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Criteria For Evaluating The Effectiveness of a Management Team

  Question 1 (c): What Criteria would you suggest for evaluating the effectiveness of a Management Team?            (Summer 2005) Evaluation of effectiveness of a management team can be done by taking into consideration following points. 1. Achievement : This is called accomplishments. It means bringing an organisation to successful end in a planned set of expectations. 2. Accuracy : This means correctiveness that is acting and deciding without errors or faults that form barriers (hurdles).  3. Creativity : It is called innovation that is generating alternatives that bring about original and unique results. 4. Delivery : Working according to time table that shipping goods and mailing services at the time agreed. 5. Honesty : Showing fairness, truth and justice in working. 6. Flexibility : Adaptability and elasticity that is moving to a new areas. 7. Proficiency : This means skill formation and working smartly. 8. Progress : Bringing improv...
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Functions of a Manager.

  Question 1(a): Discuss the functions of a Manager. (Summer 2005) Management is considered as a dynamic life giving element in any business. The primary function of a manager is to achieve the objectives of the enterprise. A manager co-ordinates with various activities of various people to achieve the enterprise objective. The functions of a manager is similar to the functions of its management as mentioned below: (i) Planning:   a. It is a process by which a manager anticipates the future and discovers alternatives course of action open to the organisation. b. If processes are not planned properly, the activities of an organisation may become confused, haphazard and ineffective. c. For utilizing all the avialable facilities, prior planning is very essential. (ii) Organising:   a. Organising is a process to determine the structure and allocation of jobs. b. It is also helpful in determining activities required to achieve the established company objectives, grouping of th...
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Modulus of elasticity & Fatigue Limit

Question 1 (b): Explain what is meant by modulus of elasticity and the fatigue limit.                                                                                        (6 marks) (Summer 2005) Modulus of Elasticity:   Hooke's law states that when a naterial is loaded within elastic limit, the stress is directly proportional to strain. E is the constant of proportionality known as modulus of elasticity and expressed in kN/sqmm (GPa). E for steel is 200 GPa and that for timber is 10 GPa. Fatigue Limit:  When any material is subjected to repeated stresses, it fails at stresses below the yield point stresses. Such type of failure of a material is called fatigue. The stress is plotted against the number of cycles required to produce failure.  A little consi...
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Properties and uses of granite stone.

  Question 1 (a): Write the properties and uses of Granite stone.                                                                                                                            (6 marks) (Summer 2005) Granite is the hardest type of stone and are difficult to work with. They are available in various colours. They are used in the construction of steps, walls, sills and as facing over the masonry. It is unsuitable in carving. it is not soluble in water. Granites have a compressive strength of 75 to 125 N/sqmm and have low water absorption. Granites are igneous rocks. They are highly resistant to natural force and can take nice polish. Its specific gravity varies from 2...
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HOW TO DEVELOP A NEW PRODUCT.

STEPS TO SUCCESSFULLY DEVELOP A NEW PRODUCT: Various phases for successfully developing the product are: 1. PLANNING: It is also known as zero phase since it precedes the project approval and launch of the actual product development process. this phase begins with corporate strategy and includes assessment of technological developments and market objectives. the output of this phase is project mission statement, which specifies the target market for the product, business goals, key assumptions and constraints.  2. CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT: In this phase of concept, the needs of market are identified, alternative product concept are generated and evaluated and a single concept is selected for further development.  3. SYSTEM-LEVEL DESIGN: The system-level design phase includes the definition of the product architecture and the division of the product into sub-systems and components. The final assembly scheme for the production system is usually defined during this phase as well. The ...
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Four C's Model for Evaluate an Organization's Human Resource Management Program

Explain how the four C's Model can be used to evaluate an organization's human resource management program?   Four C's of Human resource management program given by Harvard Business School: 1. COMMITMENT: Every worker should be committed to his work sincerely in order to give best performance.  2. CONGRUANCE: The worker must work in harmony with his colleagues and management both achieve his targets. 3. COMPETENCE: For professional employees to develop competencies and inter-personal skills. Such as coaching, group process and problem solving are the important tasks for HRD programs. Competency in performing the job as needed to grow organizations in a global environment.   4. COST EFFECTIVENESS: The salary or any other benefits provided to employee by management depends upon his cost effectiveness to the otganisations. So employee must look for his cost effectiveness in an organisation.
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SWOT analysis and its importance in setting of objectives and planning of strategies in an organisation.

 SWOT Analysis: S stands for strength, W stands for weakness, O for opportunities, T stands for threats. It has been common to suggest that companies identify their strengths and weaknesses, as well as the opportunities and threats in the external environment. The SWOT analysis are based on the analysis of the external environment (threat and opportunities) and the internal environment (weakness and strengths). (i) The WT strategy aims to minimize both weakness or threats and may be called the minimum strategy. It may require that the company, for example, from a joint venture, retrench or even liquidate. (ii) The WO strategy attempts to minimise the weakness and maximize the opportunities. Thus, a firm with certain weakness, in some areas may either develop those areas within the enterprise or acquire the needed competencies from the outside, making it possible to take advantages of opportunities in the external environment. (iii) The ST strategy is based on the organisation's str...
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