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The general safety measures taken during civil engineering construction.

The following safety measures are taken during civil engineering construction. (i) Suitable scaffolds should be provided for workmen. (ii) When ladder are used, it should be provided with foot holds and hand holds and inclination of one is to four (1 horizontal : 4 vertical) be provided. (iii) The scaffolding should be properly supported and shall have a guard rail property attached to it. (iv) Every opening in floor of a building should be provided with suitable means to prevent the fall of persons or materials. (v) Fencing and lights shall be provided to protect the public from accident. (vi) The excavated material shall not be placed within 1.5m of the edge of the trench or half the depth whichever is more to avoid collapse of sides due to surcharge. (vii) No undermining or undercutting shall be allowed. (viii) All roads and open areas adjacent to any side where demolition is to be carried out, must be closed or suitably protected. (ix) No electrical cable etc. shall remain electric...
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The factors which affect the location choices, both for manufacturing and services.

 


Factors influencing location:

(i) PROXIMITY OF GOOD HIGHWAYS: The most frequent factor is quality of the highway system, particularly its relationship to markets, raw materials, and labour supply. The existance of excellent highways, such as the interstate superhighways, makes the suburbs, small communities and country as readily accessible as the cities.

(ii) ACCESS TO A MAJOR AIRPORT: Every firm can function in a national market place using air transportation in one form or another. By using air transportation, sales people can reach customers rapidly to obtain raw materials on an emergency basis and delivery of finished goods to customers is also fast.

(iii) LABOUR SUPPLY: A company cannot operate without employees, and the nature of the labour market should be investigated to ensure that an adequate supply of qualified employees is available in the area. It is necessary in some organisations that skilled craftsman be hired to fill all the positions, and is possible to locate the plant in an area where a sufficient numbers are available.

(iv) NEARNESS TO MARKET: The cost and time required for, transporting the product to the customer is a major consideration for many companies. For this reason, it is desirable that the company be located near the centre of its product market.

(v) NEARNESS TO RAW MATERIALS: Companies using bulky or perishable materials find it desirable to be near a readily available source of their materials. The food industry has this problem with its canning factories and marketing plants.

Other influencing factors are:

(vi) Nearness to an existing plant.
(vii) Availability of land and land cost.
(viii) Water supply.
(ix) Power Supply.
(x) Pollution control.
(xi) Taxes.
(xii) Climate.
(xiii) Schools, temple, parks and residential areas.
(xiv) Infrastructure (transportation and communication network).
 

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