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The general safety measures taken during civil engineering construction.

The following safety measures are taken during civil engineering construction. (i) Suitable scaffolds should be provided for workmen. (ii) When ladder are used, it should be provided with foot holds and hand holds and inclination of one is to four (1 horizontal : 4 vertical) be provided. (iii) The scaffolding should be properly supported and shall have a guard rail property attached to it. (iv) Every opening in floor of a building should be provided with suitable means to prevent the fall of persons or materials. (v) Fencing and lights shall be provided to protect the public from accident. (vi) The excavated material shall not be placed within 1.5m of the edge of the trench or half the depth whichever is more to avoid collapse of sides due to surcharge. (vii) No undermining or undercutting shall be allowed. (viii) All roads and open areas adjacent to any side where demolition is to be carried out, must be closed or suitably protected. (ix) No electrical cable etc. shall remain electric...
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Important Techniques of Work Study.

 Question : Explain in brief two important techniques of Work Study. (Summer 2005) 


Scientific work study involves the measurement and improvement of work. Scientific work study includes:

(i) Method Study : This study involves the critical examination of plan layout, product design, material handling and work processes, to minimize time, distance and cost involved in the transportation and storage of materials.

(ii) Motion Study : It refers to the study of the movement of an operator or a machine involved in a task with a view to eliminate un-worked or useless motions. Motion study helps to find the best method of doing work. Gilbreth identified 17 basic motions involved in every human operation. These are Search, select, grasp, transport empty, transport loaded, hold, release load, position, proposition, inspect, assembly, disassemble, use, unavoidable delay, avoidable delay, plan and rest for overcoming fatigue. Symbolically SH, ST, G, TE, TL, H, RL, P, PP, I, A, DA, U, UD, AD, Pn & R (17).

(iii) Time Study : It implies the study of time taken to perform each operation of a job in order to find out the proper time that should be taken in doing a job.

(iv) Fatigue Study : It implies provision of rest hours after a set time interval. During the rest the worker can recoup (recover) his energy.





    

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