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The general safety measures taken during civil engineering construction.

The following safety measures are taken during civil engineering construction. (i) Suitable scaffolds should be provided for workmen. (ii) When ladder are used, it should be provided with foot holds and hand holds and inclination of one is to four (1 horizontal : 4 vertical) be provided. (iii) The scaffolding should be properly supported and shall have a guard rail property attached to it. (iv) Every opening in floor of a building should be provided with suitable means to prevent the fall of persons or materials. (v) Fencing and lights shall be provided to protect the public from accident. (vi) The excavated material shall not be placed within 1.5m of the edge of the trench or half the depth whichever is more to avoid collapse of sides due to surcharge. (vii) No undermining or undercutting shall be allowed. (viii) All roads and open areas adjacent to any side where demolition is to be carried out, must be closed or suitably protected. (ix) No electrical cable etc. shall remain electric...
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HOW TO DEVELOP A NEW PRODUCT.

STEPS TO SUCCESSFULLY DEVELOP A NEW PRODUCT:



Various phases for successfully developing the product are:

1. PLANNING: It is also known as zero phase since it precedes the project approval and launch of the actual product development process. this phase begins with corporate strategy and includes assessment of technological developments and market objectives. the output of this phase is project mission statement, which specifies the target market for the product, business goals, key assumptions and constraints. 

2. CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT: In this phase of concept, the needs of market are identified, alternative product concept are generated and evaluated and a single concept is selected for further development. 

3. SYSTEM-LEVEL DESIGN: The system-level design phase includes the definition of the product architecture and the division of the product into sub-systems and components. The final assembly scheme for the production system is usually defined during this phase as well. The output of this phase is usually a geometric "layout" of the product, a functional specification of each of the product's sub-systems, and a preliminary process flow diagram for the final assembly process.

4. DETAIL DESIGN: The detail design phase includes the complete specification of the geometry, material, and tolerance of all the unique parts in the product and the identification of all the standard parts to be purchased from suppliers. A process plan is established and tooling is designed for each part to be fabricated within the production system. The output of this phase is the control documentation for the product-the drawings or computer files describing the geometry of each part and its production tooling, the specifications of the purchased parts, and the process plans for the fabrication and assembly of the product.

5. TESTING & REFINEMENT: The testing and refinement phase involves the constructions and evolution of multiple pre-production versions of the product. Early (alpha) prototypes are usually built with production-intent parts-parts with the same geometry and material properties as intended for the production versions of the product but not necessarily fabricated with the actual processes to be used in production. Design check is also performed in this phase. 

6. PRODUCTION RAMP - UP: In the production ramp-up phase the product is made using the intended production system. The purpose of the ramp-up is to train the work force and to work out any remaining problems in the manufacturing processes. The artifacts (articles) produced during manufacturing ramp-up are sometimes supplied to preferred customers and are carefully evaluated to identify any remaining flaws in the product. The transition from manufacturing ramp-up to ongoing manufacturing is usually gradual and continuous. At some points in this transition, the product is launched and becomes available for widespread distribution.

    

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Location: Malleshwaram, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India

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