The following safety measures are taken during civil engineering construction. (i) Suitable scaffolds should be provided for workmen. (ii) When ladder are used, it should be provided with foot holds and hand holds and inclination of one is to four (1 horizontal : 4 vertical) be provided. (iii) The scaffolding should be properly supported and shall have a guard rail property attached to it. (iv) Every opening in floor of a building should be provided with suitable means to prevent the fall of persons or materials. (v) Fencing and lights shall be provided to protect the public from accident. (vi) The excavated material shall not be placed within 1.5m of the edge of the trench or half the depth whichever is more to avoid collapse of sides due to surcharge. (vii) No undermining or undercutting shall be allowed. (viii) All roads and open areas adjacent to any side where demolition is to be carried out, must be closed or suitably protected. (ix) No electrical cable etc. shall remain electric...
PARTICIPATIVE MANAGEMENT:
ADVANTAGES OF PARTICIPATIVE MANAGEMENT:
Both employees and organization reap advantages from participative management in the following manner:
(i) Creates sense of identity and belongings of employees towards organization which motivate them to show better performance.
(ii) Better performances increase economic lot that leads to increased wages, incentives and higher standard of living.
(iii) Creative ideas creep which improve quality of decision making.
(iv) Establish good communication system between workers and management.
(v) Develop a sense of commitment to decision to which workers are party.
(vi) Create an environment of cordial and harmonious employer-employee relations.
(vii) Develop team spirit.
(viii) Improvement of quality consciousness among the employees.
(ix) Reduction in grievances due to better communication.
(x) Better attendance and punctuality growth.
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