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The general safety measures taken during civil engineering construction.

The following safety measures are taken during civil engineering construction. (i) Suitable scaffolds should be provided for workmen. (ii) When ladder are used, it should be provided with foot holds and hand holds and inclination of one is to four (1 horizontal : 4 vertical) be provided. (iii) The scaffolding should be properly supported and shall have a guard rail property attached to it. (iv) Every opening in floor of a building should be provided with suitable means to prevent the fall of persons or materials. (v) Fencing and lights shall be provided to protect the public from accident. (vi) The excavated material shall not be placed within 1.5m of the edge of the trench or half the depth whichever is more to avoid collapse of sides due to surcharge. (vii) No undermining or undercutting shall be allowed. (viii) All roads and open areas adjacent to any side where demolition is to be carried out, must be closed or suitably protected. (ix) No electrical cable etc. shall remain electric...
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Properties and uses of granite stone.

 Question 1 (a): Write the properties and uses of Granite stone. 

                                                                                                                         (6 marks) (Summer 2005)

Granite is the hardest type of stone and are difficult to work with. They are available in various colours. They are used in the construction of steps, walls, sills and as facing over the masonry. It is unsuitable in carving. it is not soluble in water. Granites have a compressive strength of 75 to 125 N/sqmm and have low water absorption. Granites are igneous rocks. They are highly resistant to natural force and can take nice polish. Its specific gravity varies from 2.6 to 2.7. Its weight is 26 to 27 kN/cu.m. In India, it is mainly available in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Bihar, Punjab, Jammu & Kashmir, Maharshtra, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Orrisa, Kerala, Gujarat, Assam and Madhya Pradesh.
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