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The general safety measures taken during civil engineering construction.

The following safety measures are taken during civil engineering construction. (i) Suitable scaffolds should be provided for workmen. (ii) When ladder are used, it should be provided with foot holds and hand holds and inclination of one is to four (1 horizontal : 4 vertical) be provided. (iii) The scaffolding should be properly supported and shall have a guard rail property attached to it. (iv) Every opening in floor of a building should be provided with suitable means to prevent the fall of persons or materials. (v) Fencing and lights shall be provided to protect the public from accident. (vi) The excavated material shall not be placed within 1.5m of the edge of the trench or half the depth whichever is more to avoid collapse of sides due to surcharge. (vii) No undermining or undercutting shall be allowed. (viii) All roads and open areas adjacent to any side where demolition is to be carried out, must be closed or suitably protected. (ix) No electrical cable etc. shall remain electric
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Funds, Working Capital, Net Working Capital & Income

 


Funds are defined as total resources.

Industrial enterprises has land, buildings, machinery, tools etc. This type of assets are called fixed capital. An enterprise needs funds to cover its cost of operating. Moreover there is a need of money to carry the enterprise during the time lag between the sale of its products and the payment for them. Funds are needed to cover these costs is commonly called as working capital.

Net working capital is simply the difference between current assets and current liabilities. Income from business is found by deducting the outgoings from gross incomings.

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