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The general safety measures taken during civil engineering construction.

The following safety measures are taken during civil engineering construction. (i) Suitable scaffolds should be provided for workmen. (ii) When ladder are used, it should be provided with foot holds and hand holds and inclination of one is to four (1 horizontal : 4 vertical) be provided. (iii) The scaffolding should be properly supported and shall have a guard rail property attached to it. (iv) Every opening in floor of a building should be provided with suitable means to prevent the fall of persons or materials. (v) Fencing and lights shall be provided to protect the public from accident. (vi) The excavated material shall not be placed within 1.5m of the edge of the trench or half the depth whichever is more to avoid collapse of sides due to surcharge. (vii) No undermining or undercutting shall be allowed. (viii) All roads and open areas adjacent to any side where demolition is to be carried out, must be closed or suitably protected. (ix) No electrical cable etc. shall remain electric
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Mechanics Of An Organisation

 Question: What are the mechanics of an organisation? How are these effective to achieve the objectives of an organisation? (Summer 2005)


"Organisation is more than a chart, it is the mechanism through which thw management direct, coordinates and controls the business. It is indeed the foundation of management. If the organisation plan is ill-designed, if it merely makes a shift arrangement, then management is rendered difficult and ineffective. If on the other hand, it is logical, clear - cut and streamlined to meet present day requirements then the first requisite of sound management has bee achieved."

"Organisation refers to more than the frame of the edifice. It refers to the complete body, with all its co-related functions. It refers to these functions as they appear in action - the very pulse and heartbeat, the circulation, the respiration, the vital movements, so to speak of the organised unit. It refers to the coordination of all these factors as they cooperate for the common purpose."

A good organisation results in the following advantages:

1. It facilitates administration : By dividing duties, and delegating powers and analysing jobs, the organisation siphons of the routine duties and thus frees the executives for policy formulation, forward planning and many other important jobs.

2. It promotes specialisation : By allocating duties to different individuals according to their suitability, it brings about specialisation and diversification of work.

3. It creates favourable climate for growth : By developing a large number of activities, opportunities are provided for framework within which the unit may grow.

4. It leads to creative thinking and initiatives : By providing well-defined areas of work with broad latitude for the development of new and improved ways of doing things.

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