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The general safety measures taken during civil engineering construction.

The following safety measures are taken during civil engineering construction. (i) Suitable scaffolds should be provided for workmen. (ii) When ladder are used, it should be provided with foot holds and hand holds and inclination of one is to four (1 horizontal : 4 vertical) be provided. (iii) The scaffolding should be properly supported and shall have a guard rail property attached to it. (iv) Every opening in floor of a building should be provided with suitable means to prevent the fall of persons or materials. (v) Fencing and lights shall be provided to protect the public from accident. (vi) The excavated material shall not be placed within 1.5m of the edge of the trench or half the depth whichever is more to avoid collapse of sides due to surcharge. (vii) No undermining or undercutting shall be allowed. (viii) All roads and open areas adjacent to any side where demolition is to be carried out, must be closed or suitably protected. (ix) No electrical cable etc. shall remain electric...
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Derive the formulae you use from the first principles.

 Question : A producer distributes 800 packing boxes per month, which he purchased at a cost of Rs. 10 each. The manager has assigned an annual carrying charge of 25 percent of the purchase price per box. Ordering costs are Rs. 28. Currently the manager orders once a month. How much could the firm save annually in ordering and carrying costs using EOQ? Derive the formulae you use from the first principles. (Summer 2005)

Solution : Economic ordering quantity (E.O.Q.) is obtained by the quantity whose procurement cost is equal to inventory carrying cost.

Let,

A = Total items consumed (used) per year

P = Procurement cost per year

C = Annual inventory carrying cost per item of component

Q = Economic ordering quantity

Then, Procurement cost / year

= (Number of orders placed in a year) x (cost per year)    

= (AxP)/Q                                    ... (i)

and inventory carrying cost/year

= (Average value of inventory in a year) x (Annual Inventory carrying cost per item component)

= (QxC)/2                                      ...(ii)

Total Cost = {(AxP)/Q}+{(QxC)/2}                           ...(iii)

This total cost will be minimum, when

= (AxP)/Q = (QxC)/2




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