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The general safety measures taken during civil engineering construction.

The following safety measures are taken during civil engineering construction. (i) Suitable scaffolds should be provided for workmen. (ii) When ladder are used, it should be provided with foot holds and hand holds and inclination of one is to four (1 horizontal : 4 vertical) be provided. (iii) The scaffolding should be properly supported and shall have a guard rail property attached to it. (iv) Every opening in floor of a building should be provided with suitable means to prevent the fall of persons or materials. (v) Fencing and lights shall be provided to protect the public from accident. (vi) The excavated material shall not be placed within 1.5m of the edge of the trench or half the depth whichever is more to avoid collapse of sides due to surcharge. (vii) No undermining or undercutting shall be allowed. (viii) All roads and open areas adjacent to any side where demolition is to be carried out, must be closed or suitably protected. (ix) No electrical cable etc. shall remain electric...
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Functions of a Manager.

 Question 1(a): Discuss the functions of a Manager. (Summer 2005)


Management is considered as a dynamic life giving element in any business. The primary function of a manager is to achieve the objectives of the enterprise. A manager co-ordinates with various activities of various people to achieve the enterprise objective. The functions of a manager is similar to the functions of its management as mentioned below:

(i) Planning: 

a. It is a process by which a manager anticipates the future and discovers alternatives course of action open to the organisation.
b. If processes are not planned properly, the activities of an organisation may become confused, haphazard and ineffective.
c. For utilizing all the avialable facilities, prior planning is very essential.

(ii) Organising: 

a. Organising is a process to determine the structure and allocation of jobs.
b. It is also helpful in determining activities required to achieve the established company objectives, grouping of these activities logically so that these can be handled efficiently by subordinates, managers etc.
c. Organising means organising people, materials, jobs, times, etc. and establishing a framework in which responsibilities can be defined and authorities are laid down.

(iii) Directing: 

a. Directing is used to guide the actual working of subordinates towards a common goal.
b. It involves issuing instructions to subordinates.
c. it involves supervising the subordinates to make sure that the work is done by them as per the plans.
d. For directing, the managers are required to have the qualities of leadership, communication, motivation and supervision.


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