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The general safety measures taken during civil engineering construction.

The following safety measures are taken during civil engineering construction. (i) Suitable scaffolds should be provided for workmen. (ii) When ladder are used, it should be provided with foot holds and hand holds and inclination of one is to four (1 horizontal : 4 vertical) be provided. (iii) The scaffolding should be properly supported and shall have a guard rail property attached to it. (iv) Every opening in floor of a building should be provided with suitable means to prevent the fall of persons or materials. (v) Fencing and lights shall be provided to protect the public from accident. (vi) The excavated material shall not be placed within 1.5m of the edge of the trench or half the depth whichever is more to avoid collapse of sides due to surcharge. (vii) No undermining or undercutting shall be allowed. (viii) All roads and open areas adjacent to any side where demolition is to be carried out, must be closed or suitably protected. (ix) No electrical cable etc. shall remain electric...
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Unit Rate Contract

UNIT RATE CONTRACT: Such contracts are drawn from PWD-8. As far as possible all tenders except for small works should be invited on this form. The contractor is required to quote separate individual rates for the different items appearing in the schedule of quantities. The contractor will not be in a position to quote the rate unless he analyses it in detail. The element of inherent uncertainity and guess is ruled out completely. It is possible to compare the rates as per schedule of rates, prevailing market rates and the contractors quoted rates for better appreciation of tender. Thus, the approach is more scientific. The only draw back in this case is 'front loading of tenders' i.e. the rate quoted by the contractor are more for the items to be executed at the start of work. The risk involved in such cases is abounding the work the contractor.  
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Master Production Schedule

The Master Production Schedule file contains the master production schedule for each product. The master production schedule (MPS) for a product specifies how much of the end product is needed or is to be produced and when. The MPS is derived from the aggregate production plan based on demand forecast, customer's orders and capacity limitation. The MPS is divided into time periods called time buckets. These time buckets are usually conventional units of time, most frequently weeks, one day, two week and one month time buckets are quite common. The time buckets need not be the same for the entire schedule. The planning horizon for an MPS should be atleast as the cumulative lead time for the product. The cumulative lead time is the amount of time required from when the first procurement or production activity must occur until the end product is produced.  
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Classification of bricks. The characteristics of A class bricks.

The bricks are classified as per their compressive strength. Bricks of various strengths are designated as bricks of class designation 'XX' where XX stands for average compressive strength in N/sqmm. The class designation 100 vary from 35 to 3.5 and are available in 35, 30, 25, 20, 17.5, 15, 12.5, 10, 7.5, 5 and 3.5. Characteristics of A class bricks: 1. They should have smooth rectangular faces and sharp corners and uniform in colour and size. 2. They should emit a clear ringing sound when struck with each other. 3. They should not absorb water more than 20% of their dry weight. 4. The efflorescence in the bricks should not be more than 'moderate'. 5. They should have an average compressive strength of 10N/sqmm. 6. They should be free from wrapage, flaws, visible cracks, nodules of free lime and organic matter.  
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Policy/ Procedure recommended to improve the inventory operation in a departmental store.

Policy/ Procedure recommended to improve the inventory operation: The various steps are as follows: (i) Items with no issues and receipts in last year should be identified in the beginning of the financial year. (ii) In the cases, where items have been received without any issues, matter should be investigated. These investigation may reveal either of the following: (a) Items are few and new project utilization is expected to be started in near future. (b) Items are received for the production planned a few months later. (c) The item is a replacement for an obsolete item, but will be issued only after existing stock of the obsolete item is exhausted. (d) The item is for a product whose production has been suspended or delayed due to temporary slump in the demand. (e) Items are supplied much ahead of the requirement. (f) The item is not required. The immediate action is called for the case (d) and (e) by rescheduling the deliveries and reducing the total order quantities. In case of (f)...
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The process of manufacturing of building bricks.

Manufacture of Bricks: The following distinct operations are required in the process of manufacturing of bricks. 1. Selection of site 2. Preparation of brick clay 3. Moulding of bricks 4. Drying of bricks 5. Burning of bricks 1. Selection of site: Site should be so selected that soil of suitable properties is available in sufficient quantity. The workers employed on the job should have all the facilities nearby. Fuel in abundance should be available as near the site as possible. The water table during burning session is atleast 1m below the floor of the kiln. 2. Preparation of brick clay:   IS 2117 suggest that the brick clay should be prepared in two stages. (a) Weathering: The soil is dug out and exposed to weather for softening or mellowing for a period of about 4 weeks. The soil is turned at least twice during the above period and is kept wet. The big clods under the atmospheric agencies action disintegrate to make a uniform mass. In the process the impurities also get elimina...
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Support of linear programming in a site selection problem.

Linear Programming Technique :  Linear Programming providing a means of finding optimum solution to practical problems. It can be used in a situation where it is required to maximize or minimize some quantity which is a function of a set of variables, subjected to certain rules or constraints. The quantity to be maximized or minimized is known as the objective function, and takes the form of a linear equation. The constraints can be written as a series of linear equations or inequalities. Every linear programming problem has its original or primial solution and also a dual. If the primal problem in one of maximisation the dual will be one of minimisation and vice versa, so that dual can be thought as the primal problem turned inside out. The formation of location problems in linear programming terms help to reveal something of their general nature, stressing their common structural characteristics. Linear programming can be used for solving plant location problem such as: (i) The l...
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Process of underwater concrete construction.

Underwater Consrete Construction: The comcrete should have a slump equivalent of very high degree of workability. The w-c ratio shall not exceed 0.6 and may need to be less depending upon the grade of concrete or type of chemical attack. For aggregate of 40mm maximum particle size, the cement content shall be atleast 350kg/cum of concrete. Coffer dams or forms shall be sufficiently tight to ensure still water if practicable, and in any case to reduce the flow of water to less than 3m/min through the space into which concrete is to be deposited. Coffer-dams or forms in still water shall be sufficiently tight to prevent loss of mortar through the walls. De-watering by pumping shall not be done while concrete is being placed or until 24 hour thereafter. Concrete cast underwater should not fall freely through the water. Otherwise it may be leached and become segregated. Concrete shall be deposited continuously until it is brought to the required height. While depositing, the top surface sh...
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Funds, Working Capital, Net Working Capital & Income

  Funds are defined as total resources. Industrial enterprises has land, buildings, machinery, tools etc. This type of assets are called fixed capital. An enterprise needs funds to cover its cost of operating. Moreover there is a need of money to carry the enterprise during the time lag between the sale of its products and the payment for them. Funds are needed to cover these costs is commonly called as working capital. Net working capital is simply the difference between current assets and current liabilities. Income from business is found by deducting the outgoings from gross incomings.
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Fibre Reinforced Concrete

Fibre reinforced concrete is a composite material essentially consisting of conventional concrete or mortar reinforced by random dispersal of short, discontinuous and discrete fine fibres of 25-50mm long and 0.25 to 0.50 mm in diameter, consisting of 4 to 5% weight and of specific geometry. The fibres interlock and entangle around aggregate particles and considerably reduce the normal workability while mix becomes more cohesive and less prone to segregation. The fibres suitable for reinforcing the concrete have been produced froom steel, glass and organic polymers. Naturally occuring asbestos and vegetable fibres, such as jute are also used for reinforcement. Steel, carbon and glass have higher elastic moduli than cement mortar matrix and polypropylene and vegetable fibres are low modulus fibres. High modulus fibres improve both flexural and impact resistance simultaneously whereas low modulus fibre improve impact resistance of concrete but do not contribute much to flexural strength. ...
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Delegation is neither decentralization nor are their purpose the same.

Delegation is a process, while decentralisation is the end result of delegation and dispersal of authority. Delegation mainly refers to the granting of authority and the creation of responsibility as between the individual and superiors whereas decentralisation is the situation which exists as a result of the systematic delegation of authority throughout the organisation. In delegation, a superior continues to be responsible for the work delegated to his subordinates, while in decentralisation the superior is relieved from his responsibility for the work decentralised and the subordinate become liable for that. Delegation is vital and essential to the management process. Only through delegation, subordinates can be involved in the organisation and the management can get things done. Decentralized is optional, in the sense that it may or may not be practised as a systematic policy.  
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