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The general safety measures taken during civil engineering construction.

The following safety measures are taken during civil engineering construction. (i) Suitable scaffolds should be provided for workmen. (ii) When ladder are used, it should be provided with foot holds and hand holds and inclination of one is to four (1 horizontal : 4 vertical) be provided. (iii) The scaffolding should be properly supported and shall have a guard rail property attached to it. (iv) Every opening in floor of a building should be provided with suitable means to prevent the fall of persons or materials. (v) Fencing and lights shall be provided to protect the public from accident. (vi) The excavated material shall not be placed within 1.5m of the edge of the trench or half the depth whichever is more to avoid collapse of sides due to surcharge. (vii) No undermining or undercutting shall be allowed. (viii) All roads and open areas adjacent to any side where demolition is to be carried out, must be closed or suitably protected. (ix) No electrical cable etc. shall remain electric...
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Classification of bricks. The characteristics of A class bricks.


The bricks are classified as per their compressive strength. Bricks of various strengths are designated as bricks of class designation 'XX' where XX stands for average compressive strength in N/sqmm.

The class designation 100 vary from 35 to 3.5 and are available in 35, 30, 25, 20, 17.5, 15, 12.5, 10, 7.5, 5 and 3.5.

Characteristics of A class bricks:

1. They should have smooth rectangular faces and sharp corners and uniform in colour and size.
2. They should emit a clear ringing sound when struck with each other.
3. They should not absorb water more than 20% of their dry weight.
4. The efflorescence in the bricks should not be more than 'moderate'.
5. They should have an average compressive strength of 10N/sqmm.
6. They should be free from wrapage, flaws, visible cracks, nodules of free lime and organic matter.

 

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