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The general safety measures taken during civil engineering construction.

The following safety measures are taken during civil engineering construction. (i) Suitable scaffolds should be provided for workmen. (ii) When ladder are used, it should be provided with foot holds and hand holds and inclination of one is to four (1 horizontal : 4 vertical) be provided. (iii) The scaffolding should be properly supported and shall have a guard rail property attached to it. (iv) Every opening in floor of a building should be provided with suitable means to prevent the fall of persons or materials. (v) Fencing and lights shall be provided to protect the public from accident. (vi) The excavated material shall not be placed within 1.5m of the edge of the trench or half the depth whichever is more to avoid collapse of sides due to surcharge. (vii) No undermining or undercutting shall be allowed. (viii) All roads and open areas adjacent to any side where demolition is to be carried out, must be closed or suitably protected. (ix) No electrical cable etc. shall remain electric
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The concept of financial management. The important characteristics of financial management.

Financial management is the most important branch of business administration. One cannot think of any business activity in isolation from its financial implications. Acceptance and rejection of any business position depends on the basis of its financial viabilities. So we can say that finance is considered the life blood of a business enterprise. business finance is a broader term then corporation finance because the later deals with the financial problems of corporate enterprise whereas the former is considered with the financial problems of proprietorship, partnership companies and other types of business enterprises.  Characteristics of financial management: The importance of financial management is described below: (a) It is the most important and excellent tool by which funds are raised from various sources for onward allocation on various projects. (b) It provides desigining and implementation of plans for effective utilization of funds so raised. (c) It makes decision on financi
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Justification related to acceptance of escalation of rate in a contract.

The anticipated rise in the cost of materials and/or labour cannot be predicted or forecasted. The rates are quoted by the tenderers keeping the present market rates in mind. The cost indices relating to materials, minimum wages payable to an unskilled labour, prices of materials are published from time by the Government of India, Ministry of Statistics. These rates and indices indicate whether or not there is any increase in rates. If any increase is noticed, the same is regarded as payable in the form of payment under the respective provisions of the agreement. It is therefore, completely logical to pay escalation in any contract. The only precaution to be taken is that the department must ensure that escalation payment has been paid and passed on the labour by the contractor or/and the contractor must pay the escalated price of materials.   
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The role of safety stock in an MRP system.

  If there were randomness in lead times and production rates and variation in defect or scrap rates, production and purchasing could be schedules to meet all requirements exactly as needed with safety stocks. The key to adapting to these uncertainties efficiently is to determine which items and processes are most subject to randomness, as well as the types and causes of the variation. For those items in which variations are prevalent, we want to determine whether the variation is in time or in quantity. If the variations are in the quantity produced. safety stocks can make up for small production short falls and keep the process operating. For regularly produced items, small amounts of safety stock of the end product and/ or strategically selected components can compensate for minor production or procurement shortages and possibly for short time delays.    
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Unit Rate Contract

UNIT RATE CONTRACT: Such contracts are drawn from PWD-8. As far as possible all tenders except for small works should be invited on this form. The contractor is required to quote separate individual rates for the different items appearing in the schedule of quantities. The contractor will not be in a position to quote the rate unless he analyses it in detail. The element of inherent uncertainity and guess is ruled out completely. It is possible to compare the rates as per schedule of rates, prevailing market rates and the contractors quoted rates for better appreciation of tender. Thus, the approach is more scientific. The only draw back in this case is 'front loading of tenders' i.e. the rate quoted by the contractor are more for the items to be executed at the start of work. The risk involved in such cases is abounding the work the contractor.  
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Master Production Schedule

The Master Production Schedule file contains the master production schedule for each product. The master production schedule (MPS) for a product specifies how much of the end product is needed or is to be produced and when. The MPS is derived from the aggregate production plan based on demand forecast, customer's orders and capacity limitation. The MPS is divided into time periods called time buckets. These time buckets are usually conventional units of time, most frequently weeks, one day, two week and one month time buckets are quite common. The time buckets need not be the same for the entire schedule. The planning horizon for an MPS should be atleast as the cumulative lead time for the product. The cumulative lead time is the amount of time required from when the first procurement or production activity must occur until the end product is produced.  
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Classification of bricks. The characteristics of A class bricks.

The bricks are classified as per their compressive strength. Bricks of various strengths are designated as bricks of class designation 'XX' where XX stands for average compressive strength in N/sqmm. The class designation 100 vary from 35 to 3.5 and are available in 35, 30, 25, 20, 17.5, 15, 12.5, 10, 7.5, 5 and 3.5. Characteristics of A class bricks: 1. They should have smooth rectangular faces and sharp corners and uniform in colour and size. 2. They should emit a clear ringing sound when struck with each other. 3. They should not absorb water more than 20% of their dry weight. 4. The efflorescence in the bricks should not be more than 'moderate'. 5. They should have an average compressive strength of 10N/sqmm. 6. They should be free from wrapage, flaws, visible cracks, nodules of free lime and organic matter.  
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HOW TO DEVELOP A NEW PRODUCT.

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Four C's Model for Evaluate an Organization's Human Resource Management Program

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SWOT analysis and its importance in setting of objectives and planning of strategies in an organisation.

 SWOT Analysis: S stands for strength, W stands for weakness, O for opportunities, T stands for threats. It has been common to suggest that companies identify their strengths and weaknesses, as well as the opportunities and threats in the external environment. The SWOT analysis are based on the analysis of the external environment (threat and opportunities) and the internal environment (weakness and strengths). (i) The WT strategy aims to minimize both weakness or threats and may be called the minimum strategy. It may require that the company, for example, from a joint venture, retrench or even liquidate. (ii) The WO strategy attempts to minimise the weakness and maximize the opportunities. Thus, a firm with certain weakness, in some areas may either develop those areas within the enterprise or acquire the needed competencies from the outside, making it possible to take advantages of opportunities in the external environment. (iii) The ST strategy is based on the organisation's str
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