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The general safety measures taken during civil engineering construction.

The following safety measures are taken during civil engineering construction. (i) Suitable scaffolds should be provided for workmen. (ii) When ladder are used, it should be provided with foot holds and hand holds and inclination of one is to four (1 horizontal : 4 vertical) be provided. (iii) The scaffolding should be properly supported and shall have a guard rail property attached to it. (iv) Every opening in floor of a building should be provided with suitable means to prevent the fall of persons or materials. (v) Fencing and lights shall be provided to protect the public from accident. (vi) The excavated material shall not be placed within 1.5m of the edge of the trench or half the depth whichever is more to avoid collapse of sides due to surcharge. (vii) No undermining or undercutting shall be allowed. (viii) All roads and open areas adjacent to any side where demolition is to be carried out, must be closed or suitably protected. (ix) No electrical cable etc. shall remain electric...
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The concept of financial management. The important characteristics of financial management.


Financial management is the most important branch of business administration. One cannot think of any business activity in isolation from its financial implications. Acceptance and rejection of any business position depends on the basis of its financial viabilities. So we can say that finance is considered the life blood of a business enterprise. business finance is a broader term then corporation finance because the later deals with the financial problems of corporate enterprise whereas the former is considered with the financial problems of proprietorship, partnership companies and other types of business enterprises. 

Characteristics of financial management:

The importance of financial management is described below:

(a) It is the most important and excellent tool by which funds are raised from various sources for onward allocation on various projects.

(b) It provides desigining and implementation of plans for effective utilization of funds so raised.

(c) It makes decision on financial matters and review their executions.

(d) It implies more comprehensive concepts besides profit making on efficiency with broader mission to maximise the value of the firm so that the interest of the different sections of the society remain undisturbed and protected.

(e) It is applicable to all types of organisations irrespective of their size, nature whether it is a manufacturing or service organisation.

(f) It does not merely handle day to day routine matters but takes care of more complex problems pertaining to mergers and reorganisations and play two distinct roles such as safeguarding interests of the corporation and secondly watching the interests of the oweners and other sections of the community. In this respect it is a rope-walking exercise an interested gimmick.

(g) Its working has been divided three main areas such as:
(i) Decisions on the capital structure 
(ii) Allocation of available funds to specific uses
(iii)  Analysis and appraisal of problems

(h) A financial manager is usually located at a high level in an organisation, and is one of those who advise the president and board of directors under authority and policies are formulated and financial decisions are made. The chief financial officer acrries the title of vice president, serves as chairman of the finance committee and reports directly to the president and board of directors. 

(i) A financial manager anticipates (forecasts) financial needs and acquires financial resources keeping in view such need of an organisation.

(j) A financial manager makes a wise choice between profitability and liquidity inspite of the fact that both are essential and desirable. profitability means making profit by investing money/ capital so raised (liquidity) 

 

 

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