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The general safety measures taken during civil engineering construction.

The following safety measures are taken during civil engineering construction. (i) Suitable scaffolds should be provided for workmen. (ii) When ladder are used, it should be provided with foot holds and hand holds and inclination of one is to four (1 horizontal : 4 vertical) be provided. (iii) The scaffolding should be properly supported and shall have a guard rail property attached to it. (iv) Every opening in floor of a building should be provided with suitable means to prevent the fall of persons or materials. (v) Fencing and lights shall be provided to protect the public from accident. (vi) The excavated material shall not be placed within 1.5m of the edge of the trench or half the depth whichever is more to avoid collapse of sides due to surcharge. (vii) No undermining or undercutting shall be allowed. (viii) All roads and open areas adjacent to any side where demolition is to be carried out, must be closed or suitably protected. (ix) No electrical cable etc. shall remain electric...
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The general safety measures taken during civil engineering construction.

The following safety measures are taken during civil engineering construction. (i) Suitable scaffolds should be provided for workmen. (ii) When ladder are used, it should be provided with foot holds and hand holds and inclination of one is to four (1 horizontal : 4 vertical) be provided. (iii) The scaffolding should be properly supported and shall have a guard rail property attached to it. (iv) Every opening in floor of a building should be provided with suitable means to prevent the fall of persons or materials. (v) Fencing and lights shall be provided to protect the public from accident. (vi) The excavated material shall not be placed within 1.5m of the edge of the trench or half the depth whichever is more to avoid collapse of sides due to surcharge. (vii) No undermining or undercutting shall be allowed. (viii) All roads and open areas adjacent to any side where demolition is to be carried out, must be closed or suitably protected. (ix) No electrical cable etc. shall remain electric...
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The concept of financial management. The important characteristics of financial management.

Financial management is the most important branch of business administration. One cannot think of any business activity in isolation from its financial implications. Acceptance and rejection of any business position depends on the basis of its financial viabilities. So we can say that finance is considered the life blood of a business enterprise. business finance is a broader term then corporation finance because the later deals with the financial problems of corporate enterprise whereas the former is considered with the financial problems of proprietorship, partnership companies and other types of business enterprises.  Characteristics of financial management: The importance of financial management is described below: (a) It is the most important and excellent tool by which funds are raised from various sources for onward allocation on various projects. (b) It provides desigining and implementation of plans for effective utilization of funds so raised. (c) It makes decision on fin...
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Justification related to acceptance of escalation of rate in a contract.

The anticipated rise in the cost of materials and/or labour cannot be predicted or forecasted. The rates are quoted by the tenderers keeping the present market rates in mind. The cost indices relating to materials, minimum wages payable to an unskilled labour, prices of materials are published from time by the Government of India, Ministry of Statistics. These rates and indices indicate whether or not there is any increase in rates. If any increase is noticed, the same is regarded as payable in the form of payment under the respective provisions of the agreement. It is therefore, completely logical to pay escalation in any contract. The only precaution to be taken is that the department must ensure that escalation payment has been paid and passed on the labour by the contractor or/and the contractor must pay the escalated price of materials.   
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The role of safety stock in an MRP system.

  If there were randomness in lead times and production rates and variation in defect or scrap rates, production and purchasing could be schedules to meet all requirements exactly as needed with safety stocks. The key to adapting to these uncertainties efficiently is to determine which items and processes are most subject to randomness, as well as the types and causes of the variation. For those items in which variations are prevalent, we want to determine whether the variation is in time or in quantity. If the variations are in the quantity produced. safety stocks can make up for small production short falls and keep the process operating. For regularly produced items, small amounts of safety stock of the end product and/ or strategically selected components can compensate for minor production or procurement shortages and possibly for short time delays.    
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HOW TO DEVELOP A NEW PRODUCT.

STEPS TO SUCCESSFULLY DEVELOP A NEW PRODUCT: Various phases for successfully developing the product are: 1. PLANNING: It is also known as zero phase since it precedes the project approval and launch of the actual product development process. this phase begins with corporate strategy and includes assessment of technological developments and market objectives. the output of this phase is project mission statement, which specifies the target market for the product, business goals, key assumptions and constraints.  2. CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT: In this phase of concept, the needs of market are identified, alternative product concept are generated and evaluated and a single concept is selected for further development.  3. SYSTEM-LEVEL DESIGN: The system-level design phase includes the definition of the product architecture and the division of the product into sub-systems and components. The final assembly scheme for the production system is usually defined during this phase as well. The ...
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Differences between manufacturing and service operations.

Question : What are the important differences between manufacturing and service operations ? (Summer 2005) Manufacturing Operations :  1. Manufacturing involve tangible goods production. 2. Manufacturing involve heavy plant and machinery. 3. Raw materials, work in process and finished goods can be inventoried. 4. Maintenance is often preventive and takes place at production site. 5. Customer is not in the most of the process. Service Operations :  1. Services are usually intangible (ex: buying a ride on a vehicle) 2. Services are often produced and consumed simultaneously. 3. Services have inconsistent product definition. 4. Maintenance is often repair and takes place at customer's site. 
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Modulus of elasticity & Fatigue Limit

Question 1 (b): Explain what is meant by modulus of elasticity and the fatigue limit.                                                                                        (6 marks) (Summer 2005) Modulus of Elasticity:   Hooke's law states that when a naterial is loaded within elastic limit, the stress is directly proportional to strain. E is the constant of proportionality known as modulus of elasticity and expressed in kN/sqmm (GPa). E for steel is 200 GPa and that for timber is 10 GPa. Fatigue Limit:  When any material is subjected to repeated stresses, it fails at stresses below the yield point stresses. Such type of failure of a material is called fatigue. The stress is plotted against the number of cycles required to produce failure.  A little consi...
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