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The general safety measures taken during civil engineering construction.

The following safety measures are taken during civil engineering construction. (i) Suitable scaffolds should be provided for workmen. (ii) When ladder are used, it should be provided with foot holds and hand holds and inclination of one is to four (1 horizontal : 4 vertical) be provided. (iii) The scaffolding should be properly supported and shall have a guard rail property attached to it. (iv) Every opening in floor of a building should be provided with suitable means to prevent the fall of persons or materials. (v) Fencing and lights shall be provided to protect the public from accident. (vi) The excavated material shall not be placed within 1.5m of the edge of the trench or half the depth whichever is more to avoid collapse of sides due to surcharge. (vii) No undermining or undercutting shall be allowed. (viii) All roads and open areas adjacent to any side where demolition is to be carried out, must be closed or suitably protected. (ix) No electrical cable etc. shall remain electric...
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Cost approach for pricing.


Cost approach for pricing:

Cost approach for pricing is mainly depend upon demand orientation. A high price is charged when the demand is strong and a low price when demand is weak, although the unit cost may be the same in both cases. This is referring to customer's perceived value of the product, and this value will include not only the performance of the product itself but psychological factors and service characteristics of the seller's offer. While this approach can be of works to many manufacturers, it has been and will be effective provided that the seller can maintain those perceived values or create new ones. In one case a replacement part was priced at three times as much as exactly the same part when specified for another brand/ company. In sort of a reverse twist on the perception idea, at a product was not selling well at all at what was thought to be a reasonable price. It was removed from the market repacked in a much more attractive manner, and returned to the market at four times the original price. It soon enjoyed very brisk sales.

 

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