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The general safety measures taken during civil engineering construction.

The following safety measures are taken during civil engineering construction. (i) Suitable scaffolds should be provided for workmen. (ii) When ladder are used, it should be provided with foot holds and hand holds and inclination of one is to four (1 horizontal : 4 vertical) be provided. (iii) The scaffolding should be properly supported and shall have a guard rail property attached to it. (iv) Every opening in floor of a building should be provided with suitable means to prevent the fall of persons or materials. (v) Fencing and lights shall be provided to protect the public from accident. (vi) The excavated material shall not be placed within 1.5m of the edge of the trench or half the depth whichever is more to avoid collapse of sides due to surcharge. (vii) No undermining or undercutting shall be allowed. (viii) All roads and open areas adjacent to any side where demolition is to be carried out, must be closed or suitably protected. (ix) No electrical cable etc. shall remain electric...
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Fundamental role of computers and information technology in reshaping an organisation.

 


In any organisation, computerisation should be done in 4 phases. In 1st phase, computer is used only for transactions processing, whichever such a need exists, like stock records, personnel records for pay and wage bills, and sales record. In 2nd phase, the traditional operating systems are improved so as to take advantage of 1st phase. such area are cost accounting, budgetary control, inventory management, sales forecasting. In third phase, systems are designed with the computers, which will affect the decision maiking styles of the managers. The area of application in 3rd Phase are: Project planning through PERT, product mix decisions, cost benefit analysis, operation research. In the fourth and last phase, advance areas are applied, like policy and strategy decision with management information system and corporate models with simulation, cybernatics.

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