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The general safety measures taken during civil engineering construction.

The following safety measures are taken during civil engineering construction. (i) Suitable scaffolds should be provided for workmen. (ii) When ladder are used, it should be provided with foot holds and hand holds and inclination of one is to four (1 horizontal : 4 vertical) be provided. (iii) The scaffolding should be properly supported and shall have a guard rail property attached to it. (iv) Every opening in floor of a building should be provided with suitable means to prevent the fall of persons or materials. (v) Fencing and lights shall be provided to protect the public from accident. (vi) The excavated material shall not be placed within 1.5m of the edge of the trench or half the depth whichever is more to avoid collapse of sides due to surcharge. (vii) No undermining or undercutting shall be allowed. (viii) All roads and open areas adjacent to any side where demolition is to be carried out, must be closed or suitably protected. (ix) No electrical cable etc. shall remain electric...
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Data Vs Information. Various steps for converting data into information.

 



Data and information are are two separate things. Data are facts and not currently being used in a decision process and generally take the form of records and files, whereas, information consists of data that have been retrieved, processed and used for inference purposed or as a base for forecasting or decision making.

Data are converted into meaningful information in following steps:

(i) Recording/ capturing of data from source.

(ii) Checking and verification of data to ensure that it was captured and recorded correctly.

(iii) Data are placed into specific categories.

(iv) Arranging data into specified sequence.

(v) Combining or aggregating data elements.

(vi) Arithmetic and/or logical manipulation of data.

(vii) Placing data to some storage media where it can be kept for access and retrieval.

(viii) Retrieving to specific data elements.

(ix) Reproducing data from one medium to another.

(x) Communicating or transferring data from one place to another. 

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