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The general safety measures taken during civil engineering construction.

The following safety measures are taken during civil engineering construction. (i) Suitable scaffolds should be provided for workmen. (ii) When ladder are used, it should be provided with foot holds and hand holds and inclination of one is to four (1 horizontal : 4 vertical) be provided. (iii) The scaffolding should be properly supported and shall have a guard rail property attached to it. (iv) Every opening in floor of a building should be provided with suitable means to prevent the fall of persons or materials. (v) Fencing and lights shall be provided to protect the public from accident. (vi) The excavated material shall not be placed within 1.5m of the edge of the trench or half the depth whichever is more to avoid collapse of sides due to surcharge. (vii) No undermining or undercutting shall be allowed. (viii) All roads and open areas adjacent to any side where demolition is to be carried out, must be closed or suitably protected. (ix) No electrical cable etc. shall remain electric...
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Directing Function of Management

 


Directing is a function whihc includes all those activities which are designed to encourage subordinates to work effectively both in short and long run.

It includes the following functions: 
(i) Issuing orders and instructions to subordinates.
(ii) Guiding and teaching the subordinates as how to do a work.
(iii) Supervising to ensure that the work confirms to plans.
(iv) Maintaining discipline and rewarding for efficiency.

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