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The general safety measures taken during civil engineering construction.

The following safety measures are taken during civil engineering construction. (i) Suitable scaffolds should be provided for workmen. (ii) When ladder are used, it should be provided with foot holds and hand holds and inclination of one is to four (1 horizontal : 4 vertical) be provided. (iii) The scaffolding should be properly supported and shall have a guard rail property attached to it. (iv) Every opening in floor of a building should be provided with suitable means to prevent the fall of persons or materials. (v) Fencing and lights shall be provided to protect the public from accident. (vi) The excavated material shall not be placed within 1.5m of the edge of the trench or half the depth whichever is more to avoid collapse of sides due to surcharge. (vii) No undermining or undercutting shall be allowed. (viii) All roads and open areas adjacent to any side where demolition is to be carried out, must be closed or suitably protected. (ix) No electrical cable etc. shall remain electric...
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Collective Bargaining - A two way process.



Collective bargaining is the method of negotiation between the representatives of labour and management to solve some labour dispute and to enter some agreement to prevent a dispute.

Discussions and negotiations between the representatives of the employees and the representatives of the management regarding disputed issues are done through careful analysis of the basic factors to avoid a conflict in future. With proper negotiations, both the parties will be benefited. Industrial peace and continuance of work without interruptions can be maintained.
 

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