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The general safety measures taken during civil engineering construction.

The following safety measures are taken during civil engineering construction. (i) Suitable scaffolds should be provided for workmen. (ii) When ladder are used, it should be provided with foot holds and hand holds and inclination of one is to four (1 horizontal : 4 vertical) be provided. (iii) The scaffolding should be properly supported and shall have a guard rail property attached to it. (iv) Every opening in floor of a building should be provided with suitable means to prevent the fall of persons or materials. (v) Fencing and lights shall be provided to protect the public from accident. (vi) The excavated material shall not be placed within 1.5m of the edge of the trench or half the depth whichever is more to avoid collapse of sides due to surcharge. (vii) No undermining or undercutting shall be allowed. (viii) All roads and open areas adjacent to any side where demolition is to be carried out, must be closed or suitably protected. (ix) No electrical cable etc. shall remain electric...
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Quality - The cost of poor quality.


Quality: 

Quality implies the ability of a product or service to satisfy a stated or implied need on the other hand, a quality product or service is free from defects or deficiencies.

Cost of Poor Quality:

Four basic costs are associated with poor quality as given below:

(i) Prevention Cost: Those costs incurred in planning, implementing and maintaining a quality system.

(ii) Appraised Cost: Cost incurred in determining the degree of conformance to the quality requirements.

(iii) Internal Failure: Cost incurred when materials, parts, and components fail to meet the quality requirements for shipping to the customers. These parts are either scrapped or reworked.

(iv) External Failure: Costs incurred when products fail to meet customer expectation.

These results in warranty claims, ill will, or product laibility suits.

 

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