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The general safety measures taken during civil engineering construction.

The following safety measures are taken during civil engineering construction. (i) Suitable scaffolds should be provided for workmen. (ii) When ladder are used, it should be provided with foot holds and hand holds and inclination of one is to four (1 horizontal : 4 vertical) be provided. (iii) The scaffolding should be properly supported and shall have a guard rail property attached to it. (iv) Every opening in floor of a building should be provided with suitable means to prevent the fall of persons or materials. (v) Fencing and lights shall be provided to protect the public from accident. (vi) The excavated material shall not be placed within 1.5m of the edge of the trench or half the depth whichever is more to avoid collapse of sides due to surcharge. (vii) No undermining or undercutting shall be allowed. (viii) All roads and open areas adjacent to any side where demolition is to be carried out, must be closed or suitably protected. (ix) No electrical cable etc. shall remain electric...
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The classic three fold concept for management.


Harbison and Myers had offered a classic threefold concept for emphasizing a broader scope for the view point of management. They observed management as: (i ) An economic resource (ii) A system of authority and  (iii) A class of elite.

(i) An economic resource: Economists treat management as one of the factors of production together with other factors such as land, labour and capital. As industrialization of a country increases, the need for management becomes greater as it is substituted for capital and lanour. So Harbison and Myers treated management as an economic resource.

(ii) A system of authority: Historically, management first developed an authoritarian philosphy with a small number of top individuals determining all actions of the rank and file.

(iii) A class of elite: Sociologists view management as a class and status system. The increase in the complexity of relationship in modern society demands that managers become an elite of brains and eductaion. Entrance into this class is based more and more on education and knowledge instead of on family and political connections.

 

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