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The general safety measures taken during civil engineering construction.

The following safety measures are taken during civil engineering construction. (i) Suitable scaffolds should be provided for workmen. (ii) When ladder are used, it should be provided with foot holds and hand holds and inclination of one is to four (1 horizontal : 4 vertical) be provided. (iii) The scaffolding should be properly supported and shall have a guard rail property attached to it. (iv) Every opening in floor of a building should be provided with suitable means to prevent the fall of persons or materials. (v) Fencing and lights shall be provided to protect the public from accident. (vi) The excavated material shall not be placed within 1.5m of the edge of the trench or half the depth whichever is more to avoid collapse of sides due to surcharge. (vii) No undermining or undercutting shall be allowed. (viii) All roads and open areas adjacent to any side where demolition is to be carried out, must be closed or suitably protected. (ix) No electrical cable etc. shall remain electric...
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The caracteristics of various incentive schemes in management.


The incentive means any act or promise which induces an individual to respond in the desired manner. An incentive has motivational power because it helps to satisfy a need.

Incentives are of two types:

(i) MONETARY INCENTIVES: Money is useful in satisfying social needs because it is considered a symbol of power, prestige and status. Monetary incentives are more powerful motivators for lower level employees and for people in poor countries like India, these incentives are more useful when they directly linked to performance. Employees will work better when they feel that the monetary incentives are worth their efforts.

Types of monetary incentives are:

  • Wages
  • Salaries
  • Allowances
  • Bonus
  • Leave with pay
  • Retirement benefits
  • Fringe benefits
  • Cash and kind awards
  • Increments 
(ii) NON-MONETARY INCENTIVES: These incentives are non-financial because they are not measureble in terms of money and do not add to the income of the recipient. These incentives are more helpful in satisfying ego and self actualization needs. These are more important at higher level of management. 

Some of the popular non-financial incentives are described below:

  • Challenging work
  • Recognition & status
  • Job Security
  • Responsibility
  • Competition
  • Opportunity for growth
  • Participation in management

 

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