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The general safety measures taken during civil engineering construction.

The following safety measures are taken during civil engineering construction. (i) Suitable scaffolds should be provided for workmen. (ii) When ladder are used, it should be provided with foot holds and hand holds and inclination of one is to four (1 horizontal : 4 vertical) be provided. (iii) The scaffolding should be properly supported and shall have a guard rail property attached to it. (iv) Every opening in floor of a building should be provided with suitable means to prevent the fall of persons or materials. (v) Fencing and lights shall be provided to protect the public from accident. (vi) The excavated material shall not be placed within 1.5m of the edge of the trench or half the depth whichever is more to avoid collapse of sides due to surcharge. (vii) No undermining or undercutting shall be allowed. (viii) All roads and open areas adjacent to any side where demolition is to be carried out, must be closed or suitably protected. (ix) No electrical cable etc. shall remain electric
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Essential features of CRAFT, a computerized layout model.



One of the early computer programs developed to assist in laying out plant facilities is called CRAFT (Computerized Relative Allocation of Facilities Technique).This computer program handles up to 40 activity centre. The basic data presented to this program include a from -to chart and an initial scale block layout. The computer program endeavours to interchange departments within the given layout, without violating certain constraints until a "best" layout has been determined. It is a layout improvement procedure. The output from this program will be an improved block layout. 

The main criterion employed in CRAFT is minimisation of total cost of movement of items, where this cost is expressed as a linear function of distance travelled CRAFT is an improvement programme.  

 

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