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Showing posts from September, 2020

The general safety measures taken during civil engineering construction.

The following safety measures are taken during civil engineering construction. (i) Suitable scaffolds should be provided for workmen. (ii) When ladder are used, it should be provided with foot holds and hand holds and inclination of one is to four (1 horizontal : 4 vertical) be provided. (iii) The scaffolding should be properly supported and shall have a guard rail property attached to it. (iv) Every opening in floor of a building should be provided with suitable means to prevent the fall of persons or materials. (v) Fencing and lights shall be provided to protect the public from accident. (vi) The excavated material shall not be placed within 1.5m of the edge of the trench or half the depth whichever is more to avoid collapse of sides due to surcharge. (vii) No undermining or undercutting shall be allowed. (viii) All roads and open areas adjacent to any side where demolition is to be carried out, must be closed or suitably protected. (ix) No electrical cable etc. shall remain electric
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Steps In Decision Making Process

Question : Outline the steps in the decision making process. In the last several decades research on decision making has indicated that it is a highly complex process. However for convenience, decision making process has been described in five steps below:  1. Understanding the situation 2. Recognizing the right problems 3. Analysis of available alternatives 4. Selection of the solutions 5. Acceptance by the organisation   
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Differences between manufacturing and service operations.

Question : What are the important differences between manufacturing and service operations ? (Summer 2005) Manufacturing Operations :  1. Manufacturing involve tangible goods production. 2. Manufacturing involve heavy plant and machinery. 3. Raw materials, work in process and finished goods can be inventoried. 4. Maintenance is often preventive and takes place at production site. 5. Customer is not in the most of the process. Service Operations :  1. Services are usually intangible (ex: buying a ride on a vehicle) 2. Services are often produced and consumed simultaneously. 3. Services have inconsistent product definition. 4. Maintenance is often repair and takes place at customer's site. 
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Scope of Project Control

Question : What are the important aspects to be considered for a project within the scope of project control? (Summer 2005) The main objective of project management can be described in terms of a successful project which has been finished on time, within the budgeted cost and to technical specifications which are required by the end users. A project is any human undertaking with a clear beginning as well as clear ending. Planning, scheduling, and controlling the work during any worth-while project is the main task for any project manager.   Control requires not only current status information but insights into possible trade-offs when difficulties arise. Normally for any project, one may be interested in answering the questions such as:  (i) When do we expect the project to be completed. (ii)  If any activity is delayed, what effect will this leave on overall completion time of the project. (iii) If there are additional funds available to reduce the time to perform certain activities,
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Single v/s Multiple Sampling Plans.

Question : What factors govern the choice of single versus multiple sampling plans ? (Summer 2005)  SINGLE SAMPLING PLANS : Here, we draw a single random sample of n items from the batch and evaluate each item as being acceptable or defective. If the defective items in the sample is more than some value, we reject the batch. MULTIPLE SAMPLING PLAN : These sampling plan are similar to double sampling plant except we keep sampling items until the cumulative proportion of defectives either exceeds some value (to reject the batch) or the cumulative proportions of defectives falls below some value (to accept the batch).
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Concepts that underline the construction and use of control charts.

Question : What are the concepts that underline the construction and use of control charts? (Summer 2005) Control Charts: Control charts were developed by Walter Shewart in 1920s and used to monitor processes. The process of building control chart is based on the concepts shown in the figure.  This figure shows three distributions that are the results of outputs from three type of processes. Plot small samples and then examine characteristics of the resulting data and check, if the process is within control limit. The purpose of control charts is to help distinguish between natural variations and variations due to assignable causes. As we see in Figure a process (a) In control and the process is capable of producing within established control limits (b) In control but the process is not capable of producing within established limits and  (c) out of control.  
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Develop a crashing schedule.

 Question : A company builds luxury boats to customer order. Relevant data are given below. The customer wants delivery in 32 weeks failing which he will impose a penalty of Rs. 3750 each week his boat is late.   Develop a crashing schedule. (Summer 2005) Solution:  We have two critical paths 1-2-3-4-5-7-8 and 1-2-3-4-6-7-8 The project completion time is 39 weeks. To reduce the project duration by one week, we must reduce the length of all critical paths in the network. Basically either an activity common to both the critical paths or one activity from each of the path has to be selected therefore, L, M, N and J cannot take separately. The cheapest alternative is to select Z and crash by one week. And the project cost is increased by Rs. 900.  After deleting the row Z from the table. N and L is the cheapest activity and it can be crashed by one week maximum. The project cost is increased by Rs. 1700. Now after N and L, the cheapest activity is Q and it can be crashed by two weeks maxi
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Important steps involved in Project Management.

 Question : Outline the important steps involved in Project Management. (Summer 2005) The main steps involved in Project Management are :  1. Project Planning 2. Project Scheduling 3. Project Controlling 1. Project Planning : In small projects, resources, constraints, and interrelationship can be visualised without any difficulty and the project can be planned informally. But if the project is not small enough then we need a formal approach for planning. Without effective planning the project cannot be executed.  2. Project Scheduling : In broad sense project scheduling is a part of planning itself. In project scheduling one mainly concentrates on time schedule and allocation of resources. 3. Project Control : In project control a continuous check on the performance of the project should be made. The causes of deviation from the goals must be carefully ascertained. There are approaches for project control, the Variance Analysis Control and the Performance Analysis Control (Modern
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HOW TO DEVELOP A NEW PRODUCT.

STEPS TO SUCCESSFULLY DEVELOP A NEW PRODUCT: Various phases for successfully developing the product are: 1. PLANNING: It is also known as zero phase since it precedes the project approval and launch of the actual product development process. this phase begins with corporate strategy and includes assessment of technological developments and market objectives. the output of this phase is project mission statement, which specifies the target market for the product, business goals, key assumptions and constraints.  2. CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT: In this phase of concept, the needs of market are identified, alternative product concept are generated and evaluated and a single concept is selected for further development.  3. SYSTEM-LEVEL DESIGN: The system-level design phase includes the definition of the product architecture and the division of the product into sub-systems and components. The final assembly scheme for the production system is usually defined during this phase as well. The output of
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Four C's Model for Evaluate an Organization's Human Resource Management Program

Explain how the four C's Model can be used to evaluate an organization's human resource management program?   Four C's of Human resource management program given by Harvard Business School: 1. COMMITMENT: Every worker should be committed to his work sincerely in order to give best performance.  2. CONGRUANCE: The worker must work in harmony with his colleagues and management both achieve his targets. 3. COMPETENCE: For professional employees to develop competencies and inter-personal skills. Such as coaching, group process and problem solving are the important tasks for HRD programs. Competency in performing the job as needed to grow organizations in a global environment.   4. COST EFFECTIVENESS: The salary or any other benefits provided to employee by management depends upon his cost effectiveness to the otganisations. So employee must look for his cost effectiveness in an organisation.
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Differences between manufacturing and service operations.

Question : What are the important differences between manufacturing and service operations ? (Summer 2005) Manufacturing Operations :  1. Manufacturing involve tangible goods production. 2. Manufacturing involve heavy plant and machinery. 3. Raw materials, work in process and finished goods can be inventoried. 4. Maintenance is often preventive and takes place at production site. 5. Customer is not in the most of the process. Service Operations :  1. Services are usually intangible (ex: buying a ride on a vehicle) 2. Services are often produced and consumed simultaneously. 3. Services have inconsistent product definition. 4. Maintenance is often repair and takes place at customer's site. 
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