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The general safety measures taken during civil engineering construction.

The following safety measures are taken during civil engineering construction. (i) Suitable scaffolds should be provided for workmen. (ii) When ladder are used, it should be provided with foot holds and hand holds and inclination of one is to four (1 horizontal : 4 vertical) be provided. (iii) The scaffolding should be properly supported and shall have a guard rail property attached to it. (iv) Every opening in floor of a building should be provided with suitable means to prevent the fall of persons or materials. (v) Fencing and lights shall be provided to protect the public from accident. (vi) The excavated material shall not be placed within 1.5m of the edge of the trench or half the depth whichever is more to avoid collapse of sides due to surcharge. (vii) No undermining or undercutting shall be allowed. (viii) All roads and open areas adjacent to any side where demolition is to be carried out, must be closed or suitably protected. (ix) No electrical cable etc. shall remain electric...
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Concepts that underline the construction and use of control charts.

Question : What are the concepts that underline the construction and use of control charts? (Summer 2005)

Control Charts: Control charts were developed by Walter Shewart in 1920s and used to monitor processes.

The process of building control chart is based on the concepts shown in the figure. 


This figure shows three distributions that are the results of outputs from three type of processes. Plot small samples and then examine characteristics of the resulting data and check, if the process is within control limit. The purpose of control charts is to help distinguish between natural variations and variations due to assignable causes. As we see in Figure a process (a) In control and the process is capable of producing within established control limits (b) In control but the process is not capable of producing within established limits and  (c) out of control.  


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Location: Malleshwaram, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India

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