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The general safety measures taken during civil engineering construction.

The following safety measures are taken during civil engineering construction. (i) Suitable scaffolds should be provided for workmen. (ii) When ladder are used, it should be provided with foot holds and hand holds and inclination of one is to four (1 horizontal : 4 vertical) be provided. (iii) The scaffolding should be properly supported and shall have a guard rail property attached to it. (iv) Every opening in floor of a building should be provided with suitable means to prevent the fall of persons or materials. (v) Fencing and lights shall be provided to protect the public from accident. (vi) The excavated material shall not be placed within 1.5m of the edge of the trench or half the depth whichever is more to avoid collapse of sides due to surcharge. (vii) No undermining or undercutting shall be allowed. (viii) All roads and open areas adjacent to any side where demolition is to be carried out, must be closed or suitably protected. (ix) No electrical cable etc. shall remain electric...
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Properties and uses of mild steel




Question 1 (c): Describe the properties and uses of mild steel.           (Summer 2005)                                                                                                                 (8 marks) 

Mild steel is an alloy of iron and carbon varying from 0.15% to 0.45%. For mild steel grade I the ultimate tensile stress is minimum 410N/sqmm. It can have a yield stress of minimum 250N/sqmm and the minimum elongation percent is 23%. The yield stress is slightly less i.e. 240N/sqmm for bars over 20mm in dia.

For mild steel grade II the minimum ultimate tensile stress is 370N/sqmm, minimum yield stress is 225N/sqmm.The yield stress is slightly less i.e., 215N/sqmm for bars over 20mm in dia. There is however no change in the minimum elongation percentage. 

The density of mild steel is 7850 kg/cum.

It is equally strong in tension, compression and shear.

It is difficult to harden and tamper.

It is malleable and ductile.

It can be easily welded, rivetes and forged. It can be magnetized permanently.

USES:

1. It is used in construction of steel structures e.g. Beams and columns.

2. It is used for steel roof trusses.

3. It is used in the rails.

4. It is used in grills, gates etc.

5. The rolled steel sections are used for making doors, windows and ventilators.

6. The corrugated sheets are used for roof coverings.

7. The expanded metal is used as reinforcement and also as lathing materials and for partitions. 

8. The plates are used for gusset plates, fish plates and connection between various structural members.


                                                                                                                         




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