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The general safety measures taken during civil engineering construction.

The following safety measures are taken during civil engineering construction. (i) Suitable scaffolds should be provided for workmen. (ii) When ladder are used, it should be provided with foot holds and hand holds and inclination of one is to four (1 horizontal : 4 vertical) be provided. (iii) The scaffolding should be properly supported and shall have a guard rail property attached to it. (iv) Every opening in floor of a building should be provided with suitable means to prevent the fall of persons or materials. (v) Fencing and lights shall be provided to protect the public from accident. (vi) The excavated material shall not be placed within 1.5m of the edge of the trench or half the depth whichever is more to avoid collapse of sides due to surcharge. (vii) No undermining or undercutting shall be allowed. (viii) All roads and open areas adjacent to any side where demolition is to be carried out, must be closed or suitably protected. (ix) No electrical cable etc. shall remain electric...
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Properties and uses of mild steel

Question 1 (c): Describe the properties and uses of mild steel.             (Summer 2005)                                                                                                                   (8 marks)  Mild steel is an alloy of iron and carbon varying from 0.15% to 0.45%. For mild steel grade I the ultimate tensile stress is minimum 410N/sqmm. It can have a yield stress of minimum 250N/sqmm and the minimum elongation percent is 23%. The yield stress is slightly less i.e. 240N/sqmm for bars over 20mm in dia. For mild steel grade II the minimum ultimate tensile stress is 370N/sqmm, minimum yield stress is 225N/sqmm.The yield stress is slightly less i.e., 215N/sq...
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Decision Making in Scientific Management

Question 1(b): How is decision making in scientific management different from decision making in traditional management? (Summer 2005) Scientific management was   developed and introduced by F. W. Taylor in 1910 and he is known as 'father of scientific management'. Throughout his career, Taylor was cencerned with the problem of increasing labour productivity without putting undue strain on workers. Scientific management means the application of scientific methods of study analysis to the problems of management. It is a systemetic and thoughtful approach to the job of management as compared to the rule of thumb or trial and error. It is concerned with the scientific bent of mind and is more than merely a set of techniques for improving efficiency. In order to execute the principles of scientific management Taylor and his associates developed the following techniques. 1. Scientific work study: It involves the measurement and improvement of work. Scientific work study includes: ...
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Delegation is neither decentralization nor are their purpose the same.

Delegation is a process, while decentralisation is the end result of delegation and dispersal of authority. Delegation mainly refers to the granting of authority and the creation of responsibility as between the individual and superiors whereas decentralisation is the situation which exists as a result of the systematic delegation of authority throughout the organisation. In delegation, a superior continues to be responsible for the work delegated to his subordinates, while in decentralisation the superior is relieved from his responsibility for the work decentralised and the subordinate become liable for that. Delegation is vital and essential to the management process. Only through delegation, subordinates can be involved in the organisation and the management can get things done. Decentralized is optional, in the sense that it may or may not be practised as a systematic policy.  
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Fibre Reinforced Concrete

Fibre reinforced concrete is a composite material essentially consisting of conventional concrete or mortar reinforced by random dispersal of short, discontinuous and discrete fine fibres of 25-50mm long and 0.25 to 0.50 mm in diameter, consisting of 4 to 5% weight and of specific geometry. The fibres interlock and entangle around aggregate particles and considerably reduce the normal workability while mix becomes more cohesive and less prone to segregation. The fibres suitable for reinforcing the concrete have been produced froom steel, glass and organic polymers. Naturally occuring asbestos and vegetable fibres, such as jute are also used for reinforcement. Steel, carbon and glass have higher elastic moduli than cement mortar matrix and polypropylene and vegetable fibres are low modulus fibres. High modulus fibres improve both flexural and impact resistance simultaneously whereas low modulus fibre improve impact resistance of concrete but do not contribute much to flexural strength. ...
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Funds, Working Capital, Net Working Capital & Income

  Funds are defined as total resources. Industrial enterprises has land, buildings, machinery, tools etc. This type of assets are called fixed capital. An enterprise needs funds to cover its cost of operating. Moreover there is a need of money to carry the enterprise during the time lag between the sale of its products and the payment for them. Funds are needed to cover these costs is commonly called as working capital. Net working capital is simply the difference between current assets and current liabilities. Income from business is found by deducting the outgoings from gross incomings.
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