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The general safety measures taken during civil engineering construction.

The following safety measures are taken during civil engineering construction. (i) Suitable scaffolds should be provided for workmen. (ii) When ladder are used, it should be provided with foot holds and hand holds and inclination of one is to four (1 horizontal : 4 vertical) be provided. (iii) The scaffolding should be properly supported and shall have a guard rail property attached to it. (iv) Every opening in floor of a building should be provided with suitable means to prevent the fall of persons or materials. (v) Fencing and lights shall be provided to protect the public from accident. (vi) The excavated material shall not be placed within 1.5m of the edge of the trench or half the depth whichever is more to avoid collapse of sides due to surcharge. (vii) No undermining or undercutting shall be allowed. (viii) All roads and open areas adjacent to any side where demolition is to be carried out, must be closed or suitably protected. (ix) No electrical cable etc. shall remain electric...
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Properties and uses of mild steel

Question 1 (c): Describe the properties and uses of mild steel.             (Summer 2005)                                                                                                                   (8 marks)  Mild steel is an alloy of iron and carbon varying from 0.15% to 0.45%. For mild steel grade I the ultimate tensile stress is minimum 410N/sqmm. It can have a yield stress of minimum 250N/sqmm and the minimum elongation percent is 23%. The yield stress is slightly less i.e. 240N/sqmm for bars over 20mm in dia. For mild steel grade II the minimum ultimate tensile stress is 370N/sqmm, minimum yield stress is 225N/sqmm.The yield stress is slightly less i.e., 215N/sq...
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Decision Making in Scientific Management

Question 1(b): How is decision making in scientific management different from decision making in traditional management? (Summer 2005) Scientific management was   developed and introduced by F. W. Taylor in 1910 and he is known as 'father of scientific management'. Throughout his career, Taylor was cencerned with the problem of increasing labour productivity without putting undue strain on workers. Scientific management means the application of scientific methods of study analysis to the problems of management. It is a systemetic and thoughtful approach to the job of management as compared to the rule of thumb or trial and error. It is concerned with the scientific bent of mind and is more than merely a set of techniques for improving efficiency. In order to execute the principles of scientific management Taylor and his associates developed the following techniques. 1. Scientific work study: It involves the measurement and improvement of work. Scientific work study includes: ...
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HOW TO DEVELOP A NEW PRODUCT.

STEPS TO SUCCESSFULLY DEVELOP A NEW PRODUCT: Various phases for successfully developing the product are: 1. PLANNING: It is also known as zero phase since it precedes the project approval and launch of the actual product development process. this phase begins with corporate strategy and includes assessment of technological developments and market objectives. the output of this phase is project mission statement, which specifies the target market for the product, business goals, key assumptions and constraints.  2. CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT: In this phase of concept, the needs of market are identified, alternative product concept are generated and evaluated and a single concept is selected for further development.  3. SYSTEM-LEVEL DESIGN: The system-level design phase includes the definition of the product architecture and the division of the product into sub-systems and components. The final assembly scheme for the production system is usually defined during this phase as well. The ...
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Differences between manufacturing and service operations.

Question : What are the important differences between manufacturing and service operations ? (Summer 2005) Manufacturing Operations :  1. Manufacturing involve tangible goods production. 2. Manufacturing involve heavy plant and machinery. 3. Raw materials, work in process and finished goods can be inventoried. 4. Maintenance is often preventive and takes place at production site. 5. Customer is not in the most of the process. Service Operations :  1. Services are usually intangible (ex: buying a ride on a vehicle) 2. Services are often produced and consumed simultaneously. 3. Services have inconsistent product definition. 4. Maintenance is often repair and takes place at customer's site. 
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Modulus of elasticity & Fatigue Limit

Question 1 (b): Explain what is meant by modulus of elasticity and the fatigue limit.                                                                                        (6 marks) (Summer 2005) Modulus of Elasticity:   Hooke's law states that when a naterial is loaded within elastic limit, the stress is directly proportional to strain. E is the constant of proportionality known as modulus of elasticity and expressed in kN/sqmm (GPa). E for steel is 200 GPa and that for timber is 10 GPa. Fatigue Limit:  When any material is subjected to repeated stresses, it fails at stresses below the yield point stresses. Such type of failure of a material is called fatigue. The stress is plotted against the number of cycles required to produce failure.  A little consi...
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