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The general safety measures taken during civil engineering construction.

The following safety measures are taken during civil engineering construction. (i) Suitable scaffolds should be provided for workmen. (ii) When ladder are used, it should be provided with foot holds and hand holds and inclination of one is to four (1 horizontal : 4 vertical) be provided. (iii) The scaffolding should be properly supported and shall have a guard rail property attached to it. (iv) Every opening in floor of a building should be provided with suitable means to prevent the fall of persons or materials. (v) Fencing and lights shall be provided to protect the public from accident. (vi) The excavated material shall not be placed within 1.5m of the edge of the trench or half the depth whichever is more to avoid collapse of sides due to surcharge. (vii) No undermining or undercutting shall be allowed. (viii) All roads and open areas adjacent to any side where demolition is to be carried out, must be closed or suitably protected. (ix) No electrical cable etc. shall remain electric...
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The purpose of Planning.


Purpose of Planning:

Planning is a main function of management. Planning means deciding in advance as to what is to be done, how and where is to be done, when is to be done, who will do it, and how the results are to be evaluated. Planning means to assess the future and make provisions for it. Planning is necessary to ensure proper utilisation of resources to achieve the objectives of the enterprise.

For the purpose of planning, following steps are taken by the planning manager:

(i) Recognition of the need of planning: Problem or nesessity must be identified which has necessitated planning. 

(ii) Analysis of environment: The analysis of environment helps in identification of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. External environmental factor such as government policies, national economy, competitions, availability of resources etc. are to be analysed.

(iii) Statement of mission: This identifies the products/ services, prospective customers, values of products/ services, social responsibilities and the infrastructure required for the organisation.

(iv) Establishing objectives: Estiblish planning objectives in the clearest possible terms keeping in view the strengths and limitations.

(v) Building the premises of planning: This step in planning is the collection and dissemination of the facts and figures necessary for planning the future course of an enterprise. Forecasts about sales, market, literacy, population etc. are used for formulating plans for future.

(vi) Identifying alternative course of action: Planning manager must identify the alternative course of action to maximize his established objectives.

(vii) Evaluating Alternative Courses: Each and every alternative is analysed carefully and the best alternative is decided after reducing the number of alternatives to two or three by method of elimination. A final decision is taken considering objectives economy and advantages in the long run.

(viii) Converting plan to budgets: The plans are then converted into budgets to make them meaningful.

The three key activities in the planning process are as follows:

  •  Mission Formulation
  • Objective formulation
  • Strategies Formulation


 

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