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The general safety measures taken during civil engineering construction.

The following safety measures are taken during civil engineering construction. (i) Suitable scaffolds should be provided for workmen. (ii) When ladder are used, it should be provided with foot holds and hand holds and inclination of one is to four (1 horizontal : 4 vertical) be provided. (iii) The scaffolding should be properly supported and shall have a guard rail property attached to it. (iv) Every opening in floor of a building should be provided with suitable means to prevent the fall of persons or materials. (v) Fencing and lights shall be provided to protect the public from accident. (vi) The excavated material shall not be placed within 1.5m of the edge of the trench or half the depth whichever is more to avoid collapse of sides due to surcharge. (vii) No undermining or undercutting shall be allowed. (viii) All roads and open areas adjacent to any side where demolition is to be carried out, must be closed or suitably protected. (ix) No electrical cable etc. shall remain electric...
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The cost for holding inventories.


Inventory holding cost:

The holding cost is the cost actually keeping items in inventory. The primary components of holding costs are:

(i) The opportunity cost of capital,

(ii) Taxes and insurance,

(iii) Breakage, spoilage, pilferage and obsolescence, and 

(iv) Handling and storing.


An inventory consists of usables but idle resources such as raw materials, component parts, finished assemblies and money etc. According to the need, inventories can be classified as follows:

(i) Economic lot size: Since there is a fixed cost in procurement, hence it is economical to order beyond the immediate needs and divide the fixed ordering costs among the large number of units. 

(ii) Stabilizing inventories: Some inventories are accumulated due to mismatch of the timing of production and sales on the other hand, demand is not predicted accurately, so some reserve stocks are necessary. These reserves are called fluctuating or stabilizing inventories.

(iii) Anticipation inventories: These inventories are required to meet seasonal demand, high demand during promotion programme and demand during temporary shut down of the plant for repair or maintenance.

(iv) Transportation inventories: These inventories include raw materials and supply inventory which are in transit and have already been paid for finished goods whose payment is not received.

 

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