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The general safety measures taken during civil engineering construction.

The following safety measures are taken during civil engineering construction. (i) Suitable scaffolds should be provided for workmen. (ii) When ladder are used, it should be provided with foot holds and hand holds and inclination of one is to four (1 horizontal : 4 vertical) be provided. (iii) The scaffolding should be properly supported and shall have a guard rail property attached to it. (iv) Every opening in floor of a building should be provided with suitable means to prevent the fall of persons or materials. (v) Fencing and lights shall be provided to protect the public from accident. (vi) The excavated material shall not be placed within 1.5m of the edge of the trench or half the depth whichever is more to avoid collapse of sides due to surcharge. (vii) No undermining or undercutting shall be allowed. (viii) All roads and open areas adjacent to any side where demolition is to be carried out, must be closed or suitably protected. (ix) No electrical cable etc. shall remain electric
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The approach to the 'scientific management principle' of Taylor and its limitations.


Approach to the scientific management principle developed by F. W. Taylor reformed the management through a thoughtful and systematic discipline to its problem. Taylor found that, various type of wastes relating to material, time and efficiency etc. are due to the lack of order and system in the management. He emphasized that usually management was ignoring about the amount of work performed by a worker in a day, and also about the best way of doing a job.

Some significant achievement of Taylor are listed below: 

(i) Work Study: This technique is used for work measurement and work improvement. Taylor scientifically conducted time and motion studies, method study and fatigue study etc. Work study is also used to determine the standard time to perform each operation to eliminate wastage with less fatigue.

(ii) Standardisation of tools and equipment of workmanship and working conditions are very important. Taylor gave his attention to the best size shovel for different types of materials. After several experiments he selected 21.5 lb as being optimum shovel load and thereafter designed shovel of such a size which he found sufficient to hold this quantity of material. He designed small shovel for heavier materials and larger shovel for lighter materials in order each man can lift 21.5 lb of material so as to achieve maximum output.

(iii) Incentive Scheme: Taylor's different price rate scheme provides an incentive for a worker to achieve high level of optimum output.

(iv) Principles of management: Taylor recommended that greater productivity and improved efficiency is possible through the use of specialised knowledge and skill.

(v) Application of scientific methods: Taylor introduced scientific methods to solve various problems such as recorded facts, applied knowledge to avoid mistakes.

Limitations:

(i) Scientific management was great innovation. It received tremendous opposition.
(ii) Primary resistance, from workers community, came from management itself which was not prepared to discard old rules of thumb in favour of scientific approach.

 

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