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The general safety measures taken during civil engineering construction.

The following safety measures are taken during civil engineering construction. (i) Suitable scaffolds should be provided for workmen. (ii) When ladder are used, it should be provided with foot holds and hand holds and inclination of one is to four (1 horizontal : 4 vertical) be provided. (iii) The scaffolding should be properly supported and shall have a guard rail property attached to it. (iv) Every opening in floor of a building should be provided with suitable means to prevent the fall of persons or materials. (v) Fencing and lights shall be provided to protect the public from accident. (vi) The excavated material shall not be placed within 1.5m of the edge of the trench or half the depth whichever is more to avoid collapse of sides due to surcharge. (vii) No undermining or undercutting shall be allowed. (viii) All roads and open areas adjacent to any side where demolition is to be carried out, must be closed or suitably protected. (ix) No electrical cable etc. shall remain electric
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The Puppose of Material management. Factors contributing significantly in material requirement planning.


Purpose of material management:

Material management provide simple tools to maximize profit to the company by reducing the material cost of the product. Importance of material management is necessary due to following trends:

(i) Globalization
(ii) Reduced time to market
(iii) Just-in-time inventories
(iv) Large variety/ shorter life cycles
(v) Responsibility

The main purpose of material management is cost reduction and efficient handling of materials at all stages.

Factors which contribute significantly in the material requirement planning are as follows:

(i) Master products schedule (MPS) file
(ii) The bill of material file, and 
(iii) The inventory record file.

The master production schedule file:

The file contains the master production schedule for each product. The MSP for a product specifies how much of the end product is required or is to be produced and when. This is derived from the aggregate production plan based on demand forecast customer orders, and capacity limitations.

The bill of material file: 

The BOM file list for each end products all assembles, subassembles componentsand raw materials necessary to produce the product.

The bill of material is an index of the parts that were used in the product. The following information should be included in the bill of material.

(i) The item number
(ii) The part number
(iii) The quantity needed in the assembly
(iv) The name and description of the component
(v) The material from which the component is made
(vi) The source of the component
(vii) The cost of the individual component

The inventory record file:

The file lists the current inventories and outstanding purchase and production orders for each item. The accuracy of inventory file is most crucial and is most prone to error. For example, if components are removed from the stock and used for operation, but this action is not recorded in the inventory record file, the company believe it has components that are really not available. This can cause to schedule subsequent production using non existant components. Ultimately, the schedule production will not occur due to shortages, and ordering of the needed components will be delayed.
 

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