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The general safety measures taken during civil engineering construction.

The following safety measures are taken during civil engineering construction. (i) Suitable scaffolds should be provided for workmen. (ii) When ladder are used, it should be provided with foot holds and hand holds and inclination of one is to four (1 horizontal : 4 vertical) be provided. (iii) The scaffolding should be properly supported and shall have a guard rail property attached to it. (iv) Every opening in floor of a building should be provided with suitable means to prevent the fall of persons or materials. (v) Fencing and lights shall be provided to protect the public from accident. (vi) The excavated material shall not be placed within 1.5m of the edge of the trench or half the depth whichever is more to avoid collapse of sides due to surcharge. (vii) No undermining or undercutting shall be allowed. (viii) All roads and open areas adjacent to any side where demolition is to be carried out, must be closed or suitably protected. (ix) No electrical cable etc. shall remain electric...
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The different functions of management.


Different functions of Management: Management is the dynamic life giving element in every business. The primary job of a manager is to achieve the enterprise objectives. In order to achieve the enterprise objectives he co-ordinates various activities of various people. In fact, functions of manager are almost same as functions of management. They are listed bwlow:

Planning: (a) It is a process by which a manager anticipates the future and discovers alternative course of action open to him.

(b) Without proper planning, the activities of an enterprise may become confused, haphazard and ineffective.

(c) Prior planning is very essential for utilizing the available facilities.

Organising: (a) It is the process by which the structure and allocation of jobs is determined.

(b) It involves determining activities required to achieve the established company objectives, grouping of these activities logically so that these can be handled efficiently by subordinates, managers, etc.

(c) Organising means, organising people, materials, jobs, times, etc. and establishing a framework in which responsibilities can be defined and authorities are laid down.

Directing: (a) It is a process by which actual working of subordinates is guided towards common goal of the company.

(b) It involves issuing instructions to subordinates.

(c) It involves supervising the subordinates to make sure that the work is done by them as per the plans.

(d) For directing, the managers are required to have the qualities of leadership, communication, motivation and supervision.

 
The ten managerial roles identified by Mintzberg:

(A) Impersonal Roles:

1. The figurehead role (performing ceremonial and social duties as the organization's representative)

2. The leader role

3. The liaison role (particularly with outsiders)

(B) Informational Roles:

4. The recipients role (receiving information about the operation of an enterprise)

5. The dissiminator role (passing information to subordinates)

6. The spokesperson's role (transmitting information to those outside the organisation)

(C) Decision Roles: 

7. The enterpreneurial role

8. The disturbance handler role

9. The resource allocator role

10. The negotiator role (dealing with various persons and groups of persons)
 

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