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The general safety measures taken during civil engineering construction.

The following safety measures are taken during civil engineering construction. (i) Suitable scaffolds should be provided for workmen. (ii) When ladder are used, it should be provided with foot holds and hand holds and inclination of one is to four (1 horizontal : 4 vertical) be provided. (iii) The scaffolding should be properly supported and shall have a guard rail property attached to it. (iv) Every opening in floor of a building should be provided with suitable means to prevent the fall of persons or materials. (v) Fencing and lights shall be provided to protect the public from accident. (vi) The excavated material shall not be placed within 1.5m of the edge of the trench or half the depth whichever is more to avoid collapse of sides due to surcharge. (vii) No undermining or undercutting shall be allowed. (viii) All roads and open areas adjacent to any side where demolition is to be carried out, must be closed or suitably protected. (ix) No electrical cable etc. shall remain electric...
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Leadership & Motivation/ Two factor model of motivation.


Leadership: 

Leadership is defined as influence, that is, the art of process of influencing people so that they will strive willingly and enthusiastically towards the achievement of group goals.

Motivation:

Motivation is the result of processes, internal or external to the individual, that arose enthusiasm and persistance to pursue a certain course of action.

Two factor model of motivation: 

The model is also called motivation hygiene theory. There are two distinct aspects of the motivation hygiene theory. The first and more basic part of the model represents a formally stated theory of work behaviour. The second aspect of Herzbers's work has focused upon the behavioural consequences of job enrichment and job realization programmes.

According to Herzberg, satisfaction and dissatisfaction are not opposite poles of one dimension, they are two separate dimensions, Satisfaction is affected by motivations, and dis-satisfaction by hygiene factors. To achieve motivation, managers should cope with both satisfiers and dissatisfiers, improve hygiene factors. Dissatisfaction is removed from the mind of employees. A favourable frame of mind is now created for motivation. It provides satisfaction, and motivation will take place. Managers should be realistic and should not except motivation by only improving the 'hygienic' work environment.



 

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