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The general safety measures taken during civil engineering construction.

The following safety measures are taken during civil engineering construction. (i) Suitable scaffolds should be provided for workmen. (ii) When ladder are used, it should be provided with foot holds and hand holds and inclination of one is to four (1 horizontal : 4 vertical) be provided. (iii) The scaffolding should be properly supported and shall have a guard rail property attached to it. (iv) Every opening in floor of a building should be provided with suitable means to prevent the fall of persons or materials. (v) Fencing and lights shall be provided to protect the public from accident. (vi) The excavated material shall not be placed within 1.5m of the edge of the trench or half the depth whichever is more to avoid collapse of sides due to surcharge. (vii) No undermining or undercutting shall be allowed. (viii) All roads and open areas adjacent to any side where demolition is to be carried out, must be closed or suitably protected. (ix) No electrical cable etc. shall remain electric...
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Financial Statements - How they are used to give a financial picture of business.


The stakeholders of a firm viz, shareholders, creditors, suppliers, managers, employees, tax authorities and others, are interested in broadly knowing about how the firm is doing and what is its financial condition. Trade creditors and short term lenders are interested primarily in the short term liquidity of the firm and its ability to pay its dues in the next 12 months or so. Lending institutions and debentures holders have a relatively longer time horizon and are connected about the ability of the firm to service its debt over the next five to ten years.

To understand the financial performance and condition of a firm, its stockholders looks at three financial statements, viz.

(i) the balance sheet
(ii) The profit and loss account, and 
(iii) the sources and uses of fund statement.

The balance sheet shows the financial position of the firm at a given point of time. The profit and loss account reffered as income statement also reflects the financial performance of the firm over a period of time. It is drawn up for a period of one year.

The sources and uses of funds statement portrays the flow of funds through the business during a given accounting period.

 

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