Skip to main content

The general safety measures taken during civil engineering construction.

The following safety measures are taken during civil engineering construction. (i) Suitable scaffolds should be provided for workmen. (ii) When ladder are used, it should be provided with foot holds and hand holds and inclination of one is to four (1 horizontal : 4 vertical) be provided. (iii) The scaffolding should be properly supported and shall have a guard rail property attached to it. (iv) Every opening in floor of a building should be provided with suitable means to prevent the fall of persons or materials. (v) Fencing and lights shall be provided to protect the public from accident. (vi) The excavated material shall not be placed within 1.5m of the edge of the trench or half the depth whichever is more to avoid collapse of sides due to surcharge. (vii) No undermining or undercutting shall be allowed. (viii) All roads and open areas adjacent to any side where demolition is to be carried out, must be closed or suitably protected. (ix) No electrical cable etc. shall remain electric...
Post a Comment

Financial Statements - How they are used to give a financial picture of business.


The stakeholders of a firm viz, shareholders, creditors, suppliers, managers, employees, tax authorities and others, are interested in broadly knowing about how the firm is doing and what is its financial condition. Trade creditors and short term lenders are interested primarily in the short term liquidity of the firm and its ability to pay its dues in the next 12 months or so. Lending institutions and debentures holders have a relatively longer time horizon and are connected about the ability of the firm to service its debt over the next five to ten years.

To understand the financial performance and condition of a firm, its stockholders looks at three financial statements, viz.

(i) the balance sheet
(ii) The profit and loss account, and 
(iii) the sources and uses of fund statement.

The balance sheet shows the financial position of the firm at a given point of time. The profit and loss account reffered as income statement also reflects the financial performance of the firm over a period of time. It is drawn up for a period of one year.

The sources and uses of funds statement portrays the flow of funds through the business during a given accounting period.

 

Labels:

Comments

Post a Comment

Kindly let me know, if you want to know anything.

Popular posts from this blog

HOW TO DEVELOP A NEW PRODUCT.

STEPS TO SUCCESSFULLY DEVELOP A NEW PRODUCT: Various phases for successfully developing the product are: 1. PLANNING: It is also known as zero phase since it precedes the project approval and launch of the actual product development process. this phase begins with corporate strategy and includes assessment of technological developments and market objectives. the output of this phase is project mission statement, which specifies the target market for the product, business goals, key assumptions and constraints.  2. CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT: In this phase of concept, the needs of market are identified, alternative product concept are generated and evaluated and a single concept is selected for further development.  3. SYSTEM-LEVEL DESIGN: The system-level design phase includes the definition of the product architecture and the division of the product into sub-systems and components. The final assembly scheme for the production system is usually defined during this phase as well. The ...
3 comments
Read more

Differences between manufacturing and service operations.

Question : What are the important differences between manufacturing and service operations ? (Summer 2005) Manufacturing Operations :  1. Manufacturing involve tangible goods production. 2. Manufacturing involve heavy plant and machinery. 3. Raw materials, work in process and finished goods can be inventoried. 4. Maintenance is often preventive and takes place at production site. 5. Customer is not in the most of the process. Service Operations :  1. Services are usually intangible (ex: buying a ride on a vehicle) 2. Services are often produced and consumed simultaneously. 3. Services have inconsistent product definition. 4. Maintenance is often repair and takes place at customer's site. 
Post a Comment
Read more

Modulus of elasticity & Fatigue Limit

Question 1 (b): Explain what is meant by modulus of elasticity and the fatigue limit.                                                                                        (6 marks) (Summer 2005) Modulus of Elasticity:   Hooke's law states that when a naterial is loaded within elastic limit, the stress is directly proportional to strain. E is the constant of proportionality known as modulus of elasticity and expressed in kN/sqmm (GPa). E for steel is 200 GPa and that for timber is 10 GPa. Fatigue Limit:  When any material is subjected to repeated stresses, it fails at stresses below the yield point stresses. Such type of failure of a material is called fatigue. The stress is plotted against the number of cycles required to produce failure.  A little consi...
Post a Comment
Read more