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The general safety measures taken during civil engineering construction.

The following safety measures are taken during civil engineering construction. (i) Suitable scaffolds should be provided for workmen. (ii) When ladder are used, it should be provided with foot holds and hand holds and inclination of one is to four (1 horizontal : 4 vertical) be provided. (iii) The scaffolding should be properly supported and shall have a guard rail property attached to it. (iv) Every opening in floor of a building should be provided with suitable means to prevent the fall of persons or materials. (v) Fencing and lights shall be provided to protect the public from accident. (vi) The excavated material shall not be placed within 1.5m of the edge of the trench or half the depth whichever is more to avoid collapse of sides due to surcharge. (vii) No undermining or undercutting shall be allowed. (viii) All roads and open areas adjacent to any side where demolition is to be carried out, must be closed or suitably protected. (ix) No electrical cable etc. shall remain electric...
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Importance of Management Information System for an Organization.



MIS can be defined as the combination of human and computer based resources that results in the collection, storage, retrieval, communication and use of data for effective management of operations and for business planning. Before the evolution of computers, MIS techniques existed to supply users with information that would permit them to arrive at an effective decision. The computer has added new dimensions such as speed, accuracy and processing of massive data, that permit the consideration of more alternatives in a decision. Other importance of MIS are given below:

(1) Getting information to the decision maker in the proper form at the right time at a justifiable cost.
(2) Time saving to middle, top or even lower level scalar chain.
(3) MIS's major thrust is to reduce cost.
(4) MIS avoid duplication and overlapping in data gathering, storage and dissemination.
(5) It is directed towards oriental management.

REQUIREMENT OF AN EFFECTIVE MIS:

1. HARDWARE: Physical computer system and associated devices having important functions, input or data-entry, output, secondary storage devices, CPU and communication network.

2. SOFTWARE: Instructions the direct operation of the hardware. Software is of three major types, (i) application (ii) compiler and (iii) operating systems.

3. DATABASE: The database contains all data utilized by application software. An individual set of stored data is often reffered to as file, storage media such as floppy, CD - ROM, USB Drive etc.

4. PROCEDURES: For an efficient MIS three major types of procedures are required.

(i) User instructions (ii) Instructions for preparation of input by data preparation personnel (iii) operating instructions for computer operations personnel.

5. OPERATIONS PERSONNEL: Computer operators, system analysts, programmers, data preparation personnel, information systems management, and data administrators etc.

 

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