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The general safety measures taken during civil engineering construction.

The following safety measures are taken during civil engineering construction. (i) Suitable scaffolds should be provided for workmen. (ii) When ladder are used, it should be provided with foot holds and hand holds and inclination of one is to four (1 horizontal : 4 vertical) be provided. (iii) The scaffolding should be properly supported and shall have a guard rail property attached to it. (iv) Every opening in floor of a building should be provided with suitable means to prevent the fall of persons or materials. (v) Fencing and lights shall be provided to protect the public from accident. (vi) The excavated material shall not be placed within 1.5m of the edge of the trench or half the depth whichever is more to avoid collapse of sides due to surcharge. (vii) No undermining or undercutting shall be allowed. (viii) All roads and open areas adjacent to any side where demolition is to be carried out, must be closed or suitably protected. (ix) No electrical cable etc. shall remain electric
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Concept of managerial economics stating the important characteristics and major applications.


Managerial economics is the integration of economic theory with business practice for the purpose of facilitating decision making and forward planning by management. 

Characteristics of managerial economics: 

1. It is concerned with decision making of economic nature.

2. it deals with identification of economic choices and allocation of resources.

3. it provides a link between traditional economics and the decision sciences for managerial decision making.

Applications:

1. Managerial economics links the accounting concepts with economic concepts. So that financial data pertaining to profits and costs can be used more effectively to suit the needs of decision making and forward planning.

2. For the purpose of forecasting, estimate economic relationship between variables such as price, demand, income, production etc.

3. To establish business plans for the future regarding profit, prices, costs, capitals etc. 



 

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