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The general safety measures taken during civil engineering construction.

The following safety measures are taken during civil engineering construction. (i) Suitable scaffolds should be provided for workmen. (ii) When ladder are used, it should be provided with foot holds and hand holds and inclination of one is to four (1 horizontal : 4 vertical) be provided. (iii) The scaffolding should be properly supported and shall have a guard rail property attached to it. (iv) Every opening in floor of a building should be provided with suitable means to prevent the fall of persons or materials. (v) Fencing and lights shall be provided to protect the public from accident. (vi) The excavated material shall not be placed within 1.5m of the edge of the trench or half the depth whichever is more to avoid collapse of sides due to surcharge. (vii) No undermining or undercutting shall be allowed. (viii) All roads and open areas adjacent to any side where demolition is to be carried out, must be closed or suitably protected. (ix) No electrical cable etc. shall remain electric...
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Collective Bargaining


Collective bargaining is a process by which trade union and workers of industries come together to negotiate and discuss the terms and conditions pertained to their employment. it is a cost of bilateral monopoly where both employees and employers through their trade union representatives exercise enough bargaining power to resolve the issue among them without allowing any third party to intervene. The process of collective bargaining vary from country to country. Wage boards in India are examples of statutory (lawfull) collective bargaining.

There are no hard and fast rules for collective bargaining. Issues included in the collective bargaining are, standards of living of the workers, issues related to productivity, wages, overtime payments, bonus, leave encashment, working hours and working conditions and technical and economic progress of the organization. 


 

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