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The general safety measures taken during civil engineering construction.

The following safety measures are taken during civil engineering construction. (i) Suitable scaffolds should be provided for workmen. (ii) When ladder are used, it should be provided with foot holds and hand holds and inclination of one is to four (1 horizontal : 4 vertical) be provided. (iii) The scaffolding should be properly supported and shall have a guard rail property attached to it. (iv) Every opening in floor of a building should be provided with suitable means to prevent the fall of persons or materials. (v) Fencing and lights shall be provided to protect the public from accident. (vi) The excavated material shall not be placed within 1.5m of the edge of the trench or half the depth whichever is more to avoid collapse of sides due to surcharge. (vii) No undermining or undercutting shall be allowed. (viii) All roads and open areas adjacent to any side where demolition is to be carried out, must be closed or suitably protected. (ix) No electrical cable etc. shall remain electric
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Considerations in the design of an organizational structure for a company.

What are the considerations in the design of an organizational structure for a company? Discuss them.


Designing the organization structure: As we know that an organization is a large group of persons united to achieve any task. It may also be defined as pooling of human and physical resources in order to achieve predetermined goals and objectives. Organization structure deals with the overall organizational arrangements in an enterprise. The classical hierarchical organization structure is the most influential structure rationale of the modern corporation. 

While designing an organizational structure, different factors considered are: specialization of work (departmentation), span of control, chain of command, authority delegation (authority is delegated down the hierarchy), other principles of organization for a particular type of industry. 

While preparing the structure, it is first drawn roughly considering different aspects and then attempted to weld various systems into a unified concept. This designed structure is refined until it takes final shape for implementation. The structure should be able to fulfil the objectives and achieve the coordination and decision making. Integrated organisational system is shown in above figure.

During organisational structure designing following precautions be taken:

1. Develop a technical organization structure based on the traditional methods of departmentation.

2. Start with total company objectives, develop a hierarchy or network of system required. 

3. Examine all the related functions like production planning and control, quality control, inventory control etc. and outline the various positions to be filled to take up these functions.

4. Involve key managers and experts in developing a matrix, team or a system. A detailed analysis of decision process, and information requirement will help in reviewing and refining the organizational structure. 

Introducing behavioural, decision and information concepts helps in giving final shape to the structure.





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