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The general safety measures taken during civil engineering construction.

The following safety measures are taken during civil engineering construction. (i) Suitable scaffolds should be provided for workmen. (ii) When ladder are used, it should be provided with foot holds and hand holds and inclination of one is to four (1 horizontal : 4 vertical) be provided. (iii) The scaffolding should be properly supported and shall have a guard rail property attached to it. (iv) Every opening in floor of a building should be provided with suitable means to prevent the fall of persons or materials. (v) Fencing and lights shall be provided to protect the public from accident. (vi) The excavated material shall not be placed within 1.5m of the edge of the trench or half the depth whichever is more to avoid collapse of sides due to surcharge. (vii) No undermining or undercutting shall be allowed. (viii) All roads and open areas adjacent to any side where demolition is to be carried out, must be closed or suitably protected. (ix) No electrical cable etc. shall remain electric...
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Sequence of Activities for Exercising Managerial Control in Organization.

 Elucidate the sequence of activities for exercising managerial control in organization.  The control process in all the situations have following activities: (i) ESTABLISHMENT OF STANDARDS: A standard is criterion against which results can be measured. These standards refer to goal, plan, objectives, targets, etc. (ii) MEASUREMENT OF PERFORMANCE: This step in the control process includes the setting up of methods of observation, inspections and reporting. Reports at regular intervals, audits, test checks, etc. are generally done to control the performance at various levels in the organizations. (iii) COMPARING THE ACTIVITY: Results obtained are then compared with the standards. returns received at regular intervals, audits, etc. Provide feedback for performance which is then compared to find out if there is any deviation. Negative deviation means a loss and needs remedial action, function, and as such the feedback information are ignored.   (iv) REMEDIAL ACTION: In ...
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Four C's Model for Evaluate an Organization's Human Resource Management Program

Explain how the four C's Model can be used to evaluate an organization's human resource management program?   Four C's of Human resource management program given by Harvard Business School: 1. COMMITMENT: Every worker should be committed to his work sincerely in order to give best performance.  2. CONGRUANCE: The worker must work in harmony with his colleagues and management both achieve his targets. 3. COMPETENCE: For professional employees to develop competencies and inter-personal skills. Such as coaching, group process and problem solving are the important tasks for HRD programs. Competency in performing the job as needed to grow organizations in a global environment.   4. COST EFFECTIVENESS: The salary or any other benefits provided to employee by management depends upon his cost effectiveness to the otganisations. So employee must look for his cost effectiveness in an organisation.
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HOW TO DEVELOP A NEW PRODUCT.

STEPS TO SUCCESSFULLY DEVELOP A NEW PRODUCT: Various phases for successfully developing the product are: 1. PLANNING: It is also known as zero phase since it precedes the project approval and launch of the actual product development process. this phase begins with corporate strategy and includes assessment of technological developments and market objectives. the output of this phase is project mission statement, which specifies the target market for the product, business goals, key assumptions and constraints.  2. CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT: In this phase of concept, the needs of market are identified, alternative product concept are generated and evaluated and a single concept is selected for further development.  3. SYSTEM-LEVEL DESIGN: The system-level design phase includes the definition of the product architecture and the division of the product into sub-systems and components. The final assembly scheme for the production system is usually defined during this phase as well. The ...
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Define Management. What are the objectives of management?

 Define Management. What are the objectives of management? Management is the art of getting things done through people in order to accomplish objectives of organization. This definition is traditional and management is more than getting things done through others but by satisfying their needs, creating environment of work and providing opportunities for growth and development. According to Koontz "Management is the art of getting things done through and with people in formally organized groups". OBJECTIVES OF MANAGEMENT: (i) To accomplish goals of organization, (ii) To optimize efficiency of people and organization, (iii) To control wastages and achieve best possible for a society as a whole, (iv) To provide opportunity to people for betterment and improvement in quality of life, (v) To forecast the product, sales and continuous improvement is quality,     
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Fibre Reinforced Concrete

Fibre reinforced concrete is a composite material essentially consisting of conventional concrete or mortar reinforced by random dispersal of short, discontinuous and discrete fine fibres of 25-50mm long and 0.25 to 0.50 mm in diameter, consisting of 4 to 5% weight and of specific geometry. The fibres interlock and entangle around aggregate particles and considerably reduce the normal workability while mix becomes more cohesive and less prone to segregation. The fibres suitable for reinforcing the concrete have been produced froom steel, glass and organic polymers. Naturally occuring asbestos and vegetable fibres, such as jute are also used for reinforcement. Steel, carbon and glass have higher elastic moduli than cement mortar matrix and polypropylene and vegetable fibres are low modulus fibres. High modulus fibres improve both flexural and impact resistance simultaneously whereas low modulus fibre improve impact resistance of concrete but do not contribute much to flexural strength. ...
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Delegation is neither decentralization nor are their purpose the same.

Delegation is a process, while decentralisation is the end result of delegation and dispersal of authority. Delegation mainly refers to the granting of authority and the creation of responsibility as between the individual and superiors whereas decentralisation is the situation which exists as a result of the systematic delegation of authority throughout the organisation. In delegation, a superior continues to be responsible for the work delegated to his subordinates, while in decentralisation the superior is relieved from his responsibility for the work decentralised and the subordinate become liable for that. Delegation is vital and essential to the management process. Only through delegation, subordinates can be involved in the organisation and the management can get things done. Decentralized is optional, in the sense that it may or may not be practised as a systematic policy.  
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Funds, Working Capital, Net Working Capital & Income

  Funds are defined as total resources. Industrial enterprises has land, buildings, machinery, tools etc. This type of assets are called fixed capital. An enterprise needs funds to cover its cost of operating. Moreover there is a need of money to carry the enterprise during the time lag between the sale of its products and the payment for them. Funds are needed to cover these costs is commonly called as working capital. Net working capital is simply the difference between current assets and current liabilities. Income from business is found by deducting the outgoings from gross incomings.
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