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The general safety measures taken during civil engineering construction.

The following safety measures are taken during civil engineering construction. (i) Suitable scaffolds should be provided for workmen. (ii) When ladder are used, it should be provided with foot holds and hand holds and inclination of one is to four (1 horizontal : 4 vertical) be provided. (iii) The scaffolding should be properly supported and shall have a guard rail property attached to it. (iv) Every opening in floor of a building should be provided with suitable means to prevent the fall of persons or materials. (v) Fencing and lights shall be provided to protect the public from accident. (vi) The excavated material shall not be placed within 1.5m of the edge of the trench or half the depth whichever is more to avoid collapse of sides due to surcharge. (vii) No undermining or undercutting shall be allowed. (viii) All roads and open areas adjacent to any side where demolition is to be carried out, must be closed or suitably protected. (ix) No electrical cable etc. shall remain electric...
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Sequence of Activities for Exercising Managerial Control in Organization.

 Elucidate the sequence of activities for exercising managerial control in organization.  The control process in all the situations have following activities: (i) ESTABLISHMENT OF STANDARDS: A standard is criterion against which results can be measured. These standards refer to goal, plan, objectives, targets, etc. (ii) MEASUREMENT OF PERFORMANCE: This step in the control process includes the setting up of methods of observation, inspections and reporting. Reports at regular intervals, audits, test checks, etc. are generally done to control the performance at various levels in the organizations. (iii) COMPARING THE ACTIVITY: Results obtained are then compared with the standards. returns received at regular intervals, audits, etc. Provide feedback for performance which is then compared to find out if there is any deviation. Negative deviation means a loss and needs remedial action, function, and as such the feedback information are ignored.   (iv) REMEDIAL ACTION: In ...
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Four C's Model for Evaluate an Organization's Human Resource Management Program

Explain how the four C's Model can be used to evaluate an organization's human resource management program?   Four C's of Human resource management program given by Harvard Business School: 1. COMMITMENT: Every worker should be committed to his work sincerely in order to give best performance.  2. CONGRUANCE: The worker must work in harmony with his colleagues and management both achieve his targets. 3. COMPETENCE: For professional employees to develop competencies and inter-personal skills. Such as coaching, group process and problem solving are the important tasks for HRD programs. Competency in performing the job as needed to grow organizations in a global environment.   4. COST EFFECTIVENESS: The salary or any other benefits provided to employee by management depends upon his cost effectiveness to the otganisations. So employee must look for his cost effectiveness in an organisation.
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HOW TO DEVELOP A NEW PRODUCT.

STEPS TO SUCCESSFULLY DEVELOP A NEW PRODUCT: Various phases for successfully developing the product are: 1. PLANNING: It is also known as zero phase since it precedes the project approval and launch of the actual product development process. this phase begins with corporate strategy and includes assessment of technological developments and market objectives. the output of this phase is project mission statement, which specifies the target market for the product, business goals, key assumptions and constraints.  2. CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT: In this phase of concept, the needs of market are identified, alternative product concept are generated and evaluated and a single concept is selected for further development.  3. SYSTEM-LEVEL DESIGN: The system-level design phase includes the definition of the product architecture and the division of the product into sub-systems and components. The final assembly scheme for the production system is usually defined during this phase as well. The ...
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Define Management. What are the objectives of management?

 Define Management. What are the objectives of management? Management is the art of getting things done through people in order to accomplish objectives of organization. This definition is traditional and management is more than getting things done through others but by satisfying their needs, creating environment of work and providing opportunities for growth and development. According to Koontz "Management is the art of getting things done through and with people in formally organized groups". OBJECTIVES OF MANAGEMENT: (i) To accomplish goals of organization, (ii) To optimize efficiency of people and organization, (iii) To control wastages and achieve best possible for a society as a whole, (iv) To provide opportunity to people for betterment and improvement in quality of life, (v) To forecast the product, sales and continuous improvement is quality,     
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HOW TO DEVELOP A NEW PRODUCT.

STEPS TO SUCCESSFULLY DEVELOP A NEW PRODUCT: Various phases for successfully developing the product are: 1. PLANNING: It is also known as zero phase since it precedes the project approval and launch of the actual product development process. this phase begins with corporate strategy and includes assessment of technological developments and market objectives. the output of this phase is project mission statement, which specifies the target market for the product, business goals, key assumptions and constraints.  2. CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT: In this phase of concept, the needs of market are identified, alternative product concept are generated and evaluated and a single concept is selected for further development.  3. SYSTEM-LEVEL DESIGN: The system-level design phase includes the definition of the product architecture and the division of the product into sub-systems and components. The final assembly scheme for the production system is usually defined during this phase as well. The ...
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Differences between manufacturing and service operations.

Question : What are the important differences between manufacturing and service operations ? (Summer 2005) Manufacturing Operations :  1. Manufacturing involve tangible goods production. 2. Manufacturing involve heavy plant and machinery. 3. Raw materials, work in process and finished goods can be inventoried. 4. Maintenance is often preventive and takes place at production site. 5. Customer is not in the most of the process. Service Operations :  1. Services are usually intangible (ex: buying a ride on a vehicle) 2. Services are often produced and consumed simultaneously. 3. Services have inconsistent product definition. 4. Maintenance is often repair and takes place at customer's site. 
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Modulus of elasticity & Fatigue Limit

Question 1 (b): Explain what is meant by modulus of elasticity and the fatigue limit.                                                                                        (6 marks) (Summer 2005) Modulus of Elasticity:   Hooke's law states that when a naterial is loaded within elastic limit, the stress is directly proportional to strain. E is the constant of proportionality known as modulus of elasticity and expressed in kN/sqmm (GPa). E for steel is 200 GPa and that for timber is 10 GPa. Fatigue Limit:  When any material is subjected to repeated stresses, it fails at stresses below the yield point stresses. Such type of failure of a material is called fatigue. The stress is plotted against the number of cycles required to produce failure.  A little consi...
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